{"id":12133,"date":"2026-11-03T11:07:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T10:07:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hemera.e-declic.net\/?page_id=12133"},"modified":"2026-11-03T11:52:23","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T10:52:23","slug":"aerospace","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/activities\/aerospace\/","title":{"rendered":"Aerospace"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12133\" class=\"elementor elementor-12133 elementor-11419\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19301fa3 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section hm-section e-10e70657-92c5 \" data-id=\"19301fa3\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"19301fa3\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"19301fa3\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a1e37bf e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-inner e-7a1e37bf-0d48422 \" data-id=\"7a1e37bf\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7a1e37bf\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7a1e37bf\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1fb9db e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-c1fb9db-5e5ad70 \" data-id=\"c1fb9db\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"c1fb9db\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"c1fb9db\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03c1f71 table-matiere elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"03c1f71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;.hm-faq-container&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Aucun titre n\\u2019a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 trouv\\u00e9 sur cette page.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__03c1f71\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__03c1f71\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__03c1f71\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a1d8a6 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content e-52a1d8a6-885348d \" data-id=\"52a1d8a6\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"52a1d8a6\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"52a1d8a6\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37b04107 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"37b04107\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"37b04107\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"37b04107\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"2f91e091\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2f91e091\">Aerospace EMC: qualification, certification and operational safety<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"306be2f8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"306be2f8\">In aviation, controlling the electromagnetic environment is essential to the qualification of airborne equipment, its integration and the operational safety of aircraft.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"57a6b1b8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"57a6b1b8\">EMC testing applies to electronic equipment and subassemblies as well as to integrated systems and complete aircraft. It verifies electromagnetic emissions, susceptibility to conducted and radiated disturbances, and the ability to withstand electrical transients, high-intensity RF fields and the indirect effects of lightning.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"32ef837d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"32ef837d\">These tests may require very wide frequency coverage, high field levels and dedicated equipment to reproduce the electromagnetic environments encountered in service.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6ecd518e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6ecd518e\">The RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 standards, supplemented by certification requirements and programme-specific specifications, are key references for the environmental qualification of airborne equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"106a23ae\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"106a23ae\">HEMERA RF supports manufacturers, equipment suppliers and laboratories in defining and integrating EMC, RF, microwave, high-field and lightning test facilities, from needs analysis through to automation, commissioning and metrology follow-up.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ea6e5e8 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"5ea6e5e8\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5ea6e5e8\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5ea6e5e8\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"512bed3\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"512bed3\">RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14: the qualification standards for airborne equipment<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"67c692f1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"67c692f1\">The RTCA DO-160 and EUROCAE ED-14 standards define environmental conditions and test methods for characterising the behaviour of equipment intended for installation on board aircraft.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2bc1a7f0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2bc1a7f0\">They cover a wide range of environmental stresses, including thermal, mechanical, electrical and electromagnetic.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd4cf80 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"fd4cf80\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"fd4cf80\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"fd4cf80\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"4d816aef\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4d816aef\">RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14: two harmonised references<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"216576f2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"216576f2\">The RTCA DO-160 and EUROCAE ED-14 standards define the environmental conditions and test methods used to qualify equipment intended for installation on board aircraft.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7298bf45\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7298bf45\">They are developed by RTCA (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) in the United States and EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment) in Europe respectively. Corresponding editions are developed in a coordinated manner to maintain technical equivalence of requirements and test methods. DO-160G and ED-14G are therefore technically equivalent, even though they are published by two separate bodies.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2e369ea7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2e369ea7\">In practice, DO-160 is by far the most widely used reference in the international aviation industry, while ED-14 is its European counterpart. Which standard should be cited in a programme or qualification depends on the applicable contractual and certification framework.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"817c2b4\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"817c2b4\">Several sections are directly relevant to EMC and RF activities:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"hm-list e-paragraph-base e-default-span\" data-interaction-id=\"643d90d1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"643d90d1\"><ul><li><strong>Section 16 Power Input<\/strong>: power supply characteristics and disturbances.<\/li><li><strong>Section 17 Voltage Spike<\/strong>: voltage spikes.<\/li><li><strong>Section 18 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility<\/strong>: conducted susceptibility at audio frequencies on power supplies.<\/li><li><strong>Section 19 Induced Signal Susceptibility<\/strong>: susceptibility to signals induced in cabling.<\/li><li><strong>Section 20 Radio Frequency Susceptibility<\/strong>: conducted and radiated RF susceptibility.<\/li><li><strong>Section 21 Emission of Radio Frequency Energy<\/strong>: RF electromagnetic emissions.<\/li><li><strong>Section 22 Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility<\/strong>: susceptibility to lightning-induced transients.<\/li><li><strong>Section 23 Lightning Direct Effects<\/strong>: direct effects of lightning.<\/li><li><strong>Section 25 Electrostatic Discharge<\/strong>: electrostatic discharge.<\/li><\/ul><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4ac0333\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4ac0333\">The applicable tests and their levels depend in particular on the qualification category, the location of the equipment in the aircraft and the programme requirements.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"50fb80dc\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"50fb80dc\">This diversity calls for test facilities able to reproduce very different phenomena, from low-frequency electrical disturbances to high-amplitude RF fields and transients.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18c127ab e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"18c127ab\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"18c127ab\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"18c127ab\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"3db62974\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3db62974\">Electromagnetic emissions: Section 21<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2c1c16f2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2c1c16f2\">Section 21 of DO-160 \/ ED-14 addresses radio-frequency energy emissions generated by airborne equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6fb5e5d3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6fb5e5d3\">The aim is to control disturbances likely to affect the aircraft's other electronic systems, including communication, navigation and surveillance equipment, computers and control systems.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"71f1fccb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"71f1fccb\">Tests cover conducted and radiated emissions, in accordance with the methods and frequency bands<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"13bd89a1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"13bd89a1\">Measurement equipment must be selected taking into account the frequency ranges, emission limits, cabling configurations and measurement methods specified by the standard.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7694b3 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"1c7694b3\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1c7694b3\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1c7694b3\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"73423456\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"73423456\">Conducted and radiated RF susceptibility: Section 20<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"412098f8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"412098f8\">Section 20 of DO-160 \/ ED-14 verifies the ability of equipment to operate when subjected to radio-frequency disturbances.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3fcdb865\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3fcdb865\">The tests include, in particular, two complementary approaches.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-618aadbb e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"618aadbb\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"618aadbb\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"618aadbb\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"40d4d103\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"40d4d103\">Conducted RF susceptibility<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3a9d42df\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a9d42df\">RF disturbances are injected onto the equipment's cables and interfaces to assess their effect on its operation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"44da1fcb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"44da1fcb\">Test setups may combine RF generators, amplifiers, injection clamps, current probes, coupling devices and measuring instruments.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3db9d33 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"3db9d33\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"3db9d33\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"3db9d33\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"1ff1ceb4\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1ff1ceb4\">Radiated RF susceptibility<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"35eb55df\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"35eb55df\">The equipment is exposed to a controlled electromagnetic field to verify its behaviour under the conditions defined by its qualification category.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1537cac\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1537cac\">Depending on the application, these tests may require fields from several tens to several hundred V\/m, over frequency bands extending into the GHz range.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3da0890a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3da0890a\">Performing these tests requires appropriate sizing of generators, RF amplifiers, antennas, field probes and levelling equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3732d6a9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3732d6a9\">Covering a wide frequency band often requires several complementary amplifier and antenna technologies.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4166596f e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"4166596f\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"4166596f\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"4166596f\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"666ffe66\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"666ffe66\">HIRF: high-intensity radiated fields<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7b20f80c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7b20f80c\">Aircraft may be exposed to HIRF (High-Intensity Radiated Fields).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"8a5651d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8a5651d\">These environments may be associated in particular with the proximity of radars, communication transmitters or other high-power RF installations.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4449f4e8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4449f4e8\">HIRF requirements aim to ensure that the electrical and electronic systems concerned maintain the performance needed for the aircraft's safe operation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3eda8ce8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3eda8ce8\">The issue goes beyond the qualification of a single piece of equipment. It may require an assessment of equipment integration, cabling, protection and the behaviour of complete systems.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"746b6796\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"746b6796\">HIRF certification relies in particular on specific standards and guidance documents, such as EUROCAE ED-107B, in addition to equipment qualification testing.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6659cf99 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"6659cf99\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6659cf99\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"6659cf99\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"7980515c\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7980515c\">Wide frequency coverage and high field levels<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"e1a1ede\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e1a1ede\">Aerospace EMC testing can cover phenomena ranging from low frequencies up to RF and microwave.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"12207800\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"12207800\">Depending on the standards and applications, generation or measurement equipment may have to operate over bands reaching several GHz, or even several tens of GHz for certain specific applications.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2491be66\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2491be66\">Target levels can also vary considerably, from low-amplitude disturbances to fields of several tens or hundreds of V\/m.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"9db16e0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"9db16e0\">These values are indicative orders of magnitude: the frequencies and levels actually applicable depend on the test, the qualification category and the programme specifications.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2a2b5684\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2a2b5684\">Sizing the RF chain must take into account, in particular, the available power, transmission losses, antenna gain, test distances, the geometry of the installation and the size of the equipment under test.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fac93ed e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"3fac93ed\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"3fac93ed\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"3fac93ed\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"47bf445a\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"47bf445a\">CW, modulation and pulsed signals<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2b06f97b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b06f97b\">Aviation electromagnetic environments can include different types of signals: CW (Continuous Wave), modulated signals and pulsed signals.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"45cf90d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"45cf90d\">The applicable test methods determine the waveforms and modulations to be used. HIRF tests and certain specific applications may also require complex RF environments to be reproduced.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1733d8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1733d8\">The choice of test equipment must then take into account:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"hm-list e-paragraph-base e-default-span\" data-interaction-id=\"4afe3808\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4afe3808\"><ul><li>the frequency and the band to be covered<\/li><li>the target field level<\/li><li>the type of modulation<\/li><li>continuous or pulsed operation<\/li><li>average power and, where relevant, peak power<\/li><li>amplifier and antenna performance.<\/li><\/ul><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2fd998ad\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2fd998ad\">This diversity may mean combining several complementary RF chains to cover all the requirements of an aerospace laboratory.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453e524 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"453e524\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"453e524\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"453e524\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"31a83077\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"31a83077\">Indirect lightning: Section 22<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"8974edb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8974edb\">Section 22 of DO-160 \/ ED-14 addresses the susceptibility of equipment to lightning-induced electrical transients.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"45a76f39\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"45a76f39\">When an aircraft is struck by lightning, the associated currents and electromagnetic fields can induce transient voltages and currents on the cabling and interfaces of electronic equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"500e2762\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"500e2762\">The tests verify how equipment behaves under these stresses, according to the applicable waveforms, levels and qualification categories.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"13fec436\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"13fec436\">They require dedicated transient generators, injection and coupling devices, and instruments capable of measuring fast, high-amplitude phenomena.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-491bf8d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"491bf8d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"491bf8d\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"491bf8d\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"2b94e6b4\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b94e6b4\">Pin Injection<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"347c1f0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"347c1f0\">Pin Injection tests involve applying the specified transients to the appropriate interfaces of the equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"25af7b73\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"25af7b73\">They assess its ability to withstand the electrical stresses defined by the standard.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59fb2c36 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"59fb2c36\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"59fb2c36\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"59fb2c36\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"23408d9b\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"23408d9b\">Cable Bundle Tests<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"e51cafe\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e51cafe\">Cable Bundle Tests reproduce the transients induced on cable bundles.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7ce1e624\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7ce1e624\">They require suitable coupling devices, combined with dedicated generators and measurement equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305adc35 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"305adc35\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"305adc35\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"305adc35\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"54f5518a\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"54f5518a\">Multiple Stroke and Multiple Burst<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"13c022fa\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"13c022fa\">Depending on the applicable category, tests may also include Multiple Stroke and Multiple Burst stress sequences.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"24723c3f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"24723c3f\">These tests verify how equipment behaves when subjected to successive transients, not just a single isolated pulse.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"12b4b1d1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"12b4b1d1\">Indirect lightning is thus a technical specialism distinct from continuous-wave RF testing, requiring dedicated generation, injection and measurement equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5103730d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"5103730d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5103730d\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5103730d\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"116d28b3\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"116d28b3\">Direct lightning effects: Section 23<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"54b523f6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"54b523f6\">Section 23 covers the direct effects of lightning on equipment and components subject to direct exposure.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2840a589\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2840a589\">It should be distinguished from Section 22, which addresses transients induced on equipment and its interfaces.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"138e1dae\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"138e1dae\">At aircraft level, lightning protection also requires consideration of structures, possible attachment zones, current paths and protection devices.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5fb40cd2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5fb40cd2\">The applicable tests and demonstrations then depend on the level considered and on certification requirements.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1db9b950 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"1db9b950\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1db9b950\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1db9b950\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"449b594e\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"449b594e\">From equipment to the complete aircraft<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"37a58f0c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"37a58f0c\">Qualifying equipment to DO-160 \/ ED-14 is not, on its own, sufficient to demonstrate the electromagnetic compliance of a complete aircraft.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4d5af16f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4d5af16f\">Integration into the aircraft introduces additional parameters:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"hm-list e-paragraph-base e-default-span\" data-interaction-id=\"21803aff\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"21803aff\"><ul><li>equipment location<\/li><li>electrical architecture<\/li><li>cable routing<\/li><li>shielding and bonding<\/li><li>interfaces between systems<\/li><li>proximity of RF transmitters and receivers<\/li><li>lightning protection<\/li><li>exposure to HIRF environments<\/li><li>criticality of the functions performed.<\/li><\/ul><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"710fc2c0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"710fc2c0\">Compliance testing and demonstrations may therefore take place at several levels: equipment, subsystem, integrated system and complete aircraft.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4b8e842f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4b8e842f\">Certification requirements are defined according to the type of aircraft, the functions concerned and the applicable regulations.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"37c691a8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"37c691a8\">In Europe, this process falls in particular under the framework of EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"14a1e8d2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"14a1e8d2\">In the United States, it falls in particular under the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5165700c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5165700c\">These authorities publish requirements and guidance material that may draw on the DO-160 \/ ED-14 technical standards and on other means of compliance.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19568d8a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"19568d8a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"19568d8a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"19568d8a\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"67cdcd69\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"67cdcd69\">Complex EUTs to control and monitor during testing<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"701c8128\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"701c8128\">An aerospace susceptibility test is not just about applying an electromagnetic field or an electrical transient.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"18959ce9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"18959ce9\">The functional behaviour of the equipment must also be checked during and after exposure, in accordance with the applicable performance criteria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5fbef218\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5fbef218\">EUTs (Equipment Under Test) may be computers, avionics equipment, communication systems, control devices, electronic racks or complete subsystems.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"791a3735\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"791a3735\">Their qualification may require:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"hm-list e-paragraph-base e-default-span\" data-interaction-id=\"736c2932\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"736c2932\"><ul><li>controlling different operating modes<\/li><li>monitoring power supplies and interfaces<\/li><li>monitoring critical functional parameters<\/li><li>checking communications<\/li><li>detecting faults and loss of functions<\/li><li>logging events<\/li><li>synchronising data acquisition with test sequences<\/li><li>correlating anomalies with the applied frequency, field level or transient.<\/li><\/ul><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7ebba124\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7ebba124\">For large EUTs or integrated systems, the design of the test facility must also take into account the size, cabling, interfaces and operating conditions of the equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4fe39dd4\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4fe39dd4\">Automation coordinates the generation chain, the measuring instruments and functional monitoring to improve the repeatability, traceability and analysis of results.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e60f68e e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"7e60f68e\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7e60f68e\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7e60f68e\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"954c8f3\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"954c8f3\">From the standard to the aerospace test facility<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1e689a67\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e689a67\">Designing a test facility starts with identifying the standard sections, qualification categories, frequency ranges, levels and waveforms to be covered.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"8a282a1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8a282a1\">Depending on the project, HEMERA RF can size and integrate:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"hm-list e-paragraph-base e-default-span\" data-interaction-id=\"2c24729c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2c24729c\"><ul><li>RF and microwave generators<\/li><li>RF power amplifiers<\/li><li>antennas and field probes<\/li><li>EMI receivers<\/li><li>LISNs<\/li><li>injection clamps and current probes<\/li><li>transient generators<\/li><li>indirect lightning generators<\/li><li>Pin Injection and Cable Bundle devices<\/li><li>shielded and anechoic chambers<\/li><li>positioning equipment<\/li><li>measuring instruments<\/li><li>EUT control and monitoring systems<\/li><li>automation software.<\/li><\/ul><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4b85c9e2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4b85c9e2\">The diversity of tests often requires combining several technologies and several specialist manufacturers.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"59ba70b7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"59ba70b7\">The aim is to build a test chain consistent with the laboratory's requirements, rather than selecting each instrument in isolation.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-693bbd91 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-content-block \" data-id=\"693bbd91\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"693bbd91\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"693bbd91\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"612f616d\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"612f616d\">The HEMERA RF approach to aerospace projects<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"661748c8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"661748c8\">HEMERA RF acts as general contractor and multi-brand integrator for the design and delivery of EMC and RF test facilities for aerospace applications.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"511d1cb2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"511d1cb2\">Its involvement can cover the entire project: needs analysis, identification of normative requirements, sizing of RF and transient chains, turnkey project management, sourcing of specialist manufacturers and innovative solutions, hardware and software integration, automation, commissioning and metrology follow-up.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7e59b919\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7e59b919\">This independence from any single manufacturer makes it possible to select the most relevant technologies for each function: RF generation, amplification, antennas, injection, indirect lightning, measurement, shielding, automation and functional monitoring.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7ee6d403\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7ee6d403\">HEMERA RF's responsiveness and technical support also make it possible to adapt solutions to the particular constraints of each programme and to laboratories' changing needs.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4e43268a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4e43268a\">Experience with leading French aerospace players<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"54c8ba22\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"54c8ba22\">HEMERA RF has references with some of the most renowned French aircraft manufacturers and equipment suppliers in the aerospace sector, as well as with specialist test laboratories.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5bb6a6cb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5bb6a6cb\">This experience enables HEMERA RF to understand the technical and normative constraints specific to aerospace applications and to support its customers from the analysis of RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 requirements through to the delivery of high-performance, automated and scalable turnkey test facilities.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"456b23d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"456b23d\">HEMERA RF's multi-brand approach thus combines technical expertise, sourcing capability, project management, responsiveness and a commitment to customer satisfaction.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae471c2 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section hm-section hm-section-casse \" data-id=\"6ae471c2\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6ae471c2\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"6ae471c2\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1fe09a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-inner \" data-id=\"7e1fe09a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7e1fe09a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7e1fe09a\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a1e994a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-6c4c8f7f-2603 \" data-id=\"6a1e994a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6a1e994a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"6a1e994a\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20d31361 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-eyebrow-row \" data-id=\"20d31361\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"20d31361\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"20d31361\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ab4d3 e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-default-div hm-eyebrow-line \" data-id=\"f6ab4d3\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"f6ab4d3\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"f6ab4d3\">\n    \n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"hm-eyebrow e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3977fd32\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3977fd32\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"1d1dac41\" class=\"hm-h2 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1d1dac41\">Frequently asked questions <br>Aerospace<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae49cc4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  e-2291391e-3d09 hm-faq-container \" data-id=\"3ae49cc4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"3ae49cc4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6503af09 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"6503af09\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6503af09\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6503af09\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5588fae2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"5588fae2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"5588fae2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"5588fae2\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44875a4b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"44875a4b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"44875a4b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"44875a4b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"29014d05\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"29014d05\">Which EMC standards apply to aerospace and defence?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ecfea7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"30ecfea7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"30ecfea7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"30ecfea7\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"fc9305a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"fc9305a\">In aerospace and defence, the standards include:<br>\u2022 RTCA DO-160 for airborne equipment<br>\u2022 its European counterpart, EUROCAE ED-14<br>\u2022 various MIL-STD standards for military applications<br>\u2022 specific requirements for individual programmes and platforms<br>The exact requirements must be identified before sizing the test setup.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b1fe4e5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2b1fe4e5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2b1fe4e5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2b1fe4e5\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eedd863 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1eedd863\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1eedd863\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1eedd863\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fe8e8f5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7fe8e8f5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7fe8e8f5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7fe8e8f5\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"23f62d66\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"23f62d66\">What is an indirect lightning test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f5802ca e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7f5802ca\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7f5802ca\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7f5802ca\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6d2b9a3f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6d2b9a3f\">It reproduces:<br>\u2022 transient voltages<br>\u2022 transient currents<br>\u2022 the disturbances that may be induced in wiring and electronic equipment during a lightning event<br>It concerns induced electrical and electromagnetic effects, not the physical impact of a direct lightning strike on the structure.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727f9055 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"727f9055\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"727f9055\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"727f9055\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e2b6c4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"52e2b6c4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"52e2b6c4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"52e2b6c4\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da4b9d1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4da4b9d1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4da4b9d1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4da4b9d1\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"5f0cff3e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5f0cff3e\">What is the difference between the direct and indirect effects of lightning?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6940d9f9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6940d9f9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6940d9f9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6940d9f9\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2fb6d3f9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2fb6d3f9\">\u2022 Direct effects: the physical consequences of the lightning current on the structure.<br>\u2022 Indirect effects: transient voltages and currents induced in wiring, interfaces and electrical or electronic equipment.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b58f364 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"7b58f364\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"7b58f364\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"7b58f364\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6164e4b3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6164e4b3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6164e4b3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6164e4b3\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e6a6679 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1e6a6679\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1e6a6679\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1e6a6679\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"c8ab62a\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c8ab62a\">Which standards govern indirect lightning testing in aerospace?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9be9bf5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"9be9bf5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"9be9bf5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"9be9bf5\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3de38c91\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3de38c91\">They include:<br>\u2022 RTCA DO-160 Section 22<br>\u2022 EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22<br>\u2022 other standards or specifications depending on the programme concerned<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ec105a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"66ec105a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"66ec105a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"66ec105a\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f58ae88 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3f58ae88\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3f58ae88\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3f58ae88\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39dae68d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"39dae68d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"39dae68d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"39dae68d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"687e45aa\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"687e45aa\">What is Section 22 of RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15df09c6 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"15df09c6\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"15df09c6\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"15df09c6\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"61a8b552\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"61a8b552\">It covers in particular:<br>\u2022 the susceptibility of equipment to lightning-induced transients<br>\u2022 the applicable waveforms<br>\u2022 test levels<br>\u2022 injection methods<br>\u2022 the corresponding qualification categories<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-282290d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"282290d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"282290d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"282290d\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1edcb70 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1edcb70\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1edcb70\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1edcb70\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79d43a32 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"79d43a32\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"79d43a32\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"79d43a32\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"463093a5\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"463093a5\">What is the difference between pin injection and cable bundle tests?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e9b35b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"30e9b35b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"30e9b35b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"30e9b35b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3bc4d405\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3bc4d405\">Pin injection:<br>\u2022 direct injection of the transient<br>\u2022 applied to pins or interfaces<br>Cable bundle:<br>\u2022 disturbance applied to the harness<br>\u2022 reproduces coupling onto the installation\u2019s cables<br>The generators and injection devices may therefore differ.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27ad60c4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"27ad60c4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"27ad60c4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"27ad60c4\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cc9c5f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"38cc9c5f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"38cc9c5f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"38cc9c5f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b4cf032 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5b4cf032\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5b4cf032\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5b4cf032\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"35b87559\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"35b87559\">Which waveforms are used for indirect lightning testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5036c2d9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5036c2d9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5036c2d9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5036c2d9\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"10e15728\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"10e15728\">The standard specifies different waveforms depending on:<br>\u2022 the coupling mechanism<br>\u2022 the method<br>\u2022 the qualification category<br>\u2022 the test level<br>\u2022 the interface concerned<br>You therefore need to identify the waveforms to be covered before choosing the generator.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a0ee394 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4a0ee394\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4a0ee394\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4a0ee394\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22417d20 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"22417d20\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"22417d20\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"22417d20\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12221e78 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"12221e78\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"12221e78\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"12221e78\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"65231357\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"65231357\">What equipment is needed for testing to RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5734b425 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5734b425\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5734b425\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5734b425\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"76f335eb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"76f335eb\">Depending on the method:<br>\u2022 transient generators<br>\u2022 injection networks<br>\u2022 transformers or couplers<br>\u2022 calibration fixtures<br>\u2022 current probes<br>\u2022 voltage probes<br>\u2022 acquisition instrumentation<br>\u2022 suitable accessories and loads<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2397a549 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2397a549\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2397a549\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2397a549\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743099dd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"743099dd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"743099dd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"743099dd\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3923a0e0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3923a0e0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3923a0e0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3923a0e0\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3ef4ce16\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3ef4ce16\">How are test levels and waveforms chosen under RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11eeda1b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"11eeda1b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"11eeda1b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"11eeda1b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6822080f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6822080f\">They depend in particular on:<br>\u2022 the qualification category<br>\u2022 the equipment<br>\u2022 its installation<br>\u2022 the interfaces<br>\u2022 programme requirements<br>The choice should therefore not be dictated solely by the capabilities of the available generator.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdf36f7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3cdf36f7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3cdf36f7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3cdf36f7\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc08459 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1cc08459\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1cc08459\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1cc08459\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-564b42ad e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"564b42ad\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"564b42ad\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"564b42ad\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7b13ad79\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7b13ad79\">How can the injected current or voltage be measured and monitored during the test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdeb1c4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"1fdeb1c4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1fdeb1c4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1fdeb1c4\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"22915bc1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"22915bc1\">The measurement chain may include:<br>\u2022 current probe<br>\u2022 voltage probe<br>\u2022 suitable attenuation<br>\u2022 appropriate cabling<br>\u2022 oscilloscope or high-speed acquisition system<br>The bandwidth and dynamic range of the whole chain must be checked to ensure the measured transient is reproduced accurately.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-784b5490 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"784b5490\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"784b5490\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"784b5490\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61bf5b14 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"61bf5b14\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"61bf5b14\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"61bf5b14\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755284e1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"755284e1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"755284e1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"755284e1\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"4f66b4fe\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4f66b4fe\">How do you size a lightning test bench for aerospace equipment?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b749270 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"1b749270\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1b749270\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1b749270\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3a88c73c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a88c73c\">You need to determine:<br>\u2022 the standard<br>\u2022 the category<br>\u2022 the waveforms<br>\u2022 the levels<br>\u2022 pin injection \/ cable bundle methods<br>\u2022 harness characteristics<br>\u2022 the equipment to be tested<br>\u2022 measurement and calibration needs<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21946e11 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"21946e11\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"21946e11\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"21946e11\"  name=\"3ae49cc4\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d2b97a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"70d2b97a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"70d2b97a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"70d2b97a\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310a3bb5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"310a3bb5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"310a3bb5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"310a3bb5\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"15677c12\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"15677c12\">What are the CS114, CS115 and CS116 tests?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-374e9f89 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"374e9f89\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"374e9f89\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"374e9f89\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"35470568\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"35470568\">These methods correspond to different types of conducted susceptibility in the military domain.<br>They differ in particular in:<br>\u2022 the type of signal<br>\u2022 the frequency range<br>\u2022 the coupling mode<br>\u2022 the levels<br>\u2022 the equipment required<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which EMC standards apply to aerospace and defence?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"In aerospace and defence, the standards include: \\u2022 RTCA DO-160 for airborne equipment \\u2022 its European counterpart, EUROCAE ED-14 \\u2022 various MIL-STD standards for military applications \\u2022 specific requirements for individual programmes and platforms The exact requirements must be identified before sizing the test setup.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is an indirect lightning test?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It reproduces: \\u2022 transient voltages \\u2022 transient currents \\u2022 the disturbances that may be induced in wiring and electronic equipment during a lightning event It concerns induced electrical and electromagnetic effects, not the physical impact of a direct lightning strike on the structure.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between the direct and indirect effects of lightning?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\\u2022 Direct effects: the physical consequences of the lightning current on the structure. \\u2022 Indirect effects: transient voltages and currents induced in wiring, interfaces and electrical or electronic equipment.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which standards govern indirect lightning testing in aerospace?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"They include: \\u2022 RTCA DO-160 Section 22 \\u2022 EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22 \\u2022 other standards or specifications depending on the programme concerned\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is Section 22 of RTCA DO-160 \\\/ EUROCAE ED-14?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It covers in particular: \\u2022 the susceptibility of equipment to lightning-induced transients \\u2022 the applicable waveforms \\u2022 test levels \\u2022 injection methods \\u2022 the corresponding qualification categories\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between pin injection and cable bundle tests?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Pin injection: \\u2022 direct injection of the transient \\u2022 applied to pins or interfaces Cable bundle: \\u2022 disturbance applied to the harness \\u2022 reproduces coupling onto the installation\\u2019s cables The generators and injection devices may therefore differ.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which waveforms are used for indirect lightning testing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The standard specifies different waveforms depending on: \\u2022 the coupling mechanism \\u2022 the method \\u2022 the qualification category \\u2022 the test level \\u2022 the interface concerned You therefore need to identify the waveforms to be covered before choosing the generator.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What equipment is needed for testing to RTCA DO-160 \\\/ EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Depending on the method: \\u2022 transient generators \\u2022 injection networks \\u2022 transformers or couplers \\u2022 calibration fixtures \\u2022 current probes \\u2022 voltage probes \\u2022 acquisition instrumentation \\u2022 suitable accessories and loads\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How are test levels and waveforms chosen under RTCA DO-160 \\\/ EUROCAE ED-14 Section 22?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"They depend in particular on: \\u2022 the qualification category \\u2022 the equipment \\u2022 its installation \\u2022 the interfaces \\u2022 programme requirements The choice should therefore not be dictated solely by the capabilities of the available generator.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How can the injected current or voltage be measured and monitored during the test?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The measurement chain may include: \\u2022 current probe \\u2022 voltage probe \\u2022 suitable attenuation \\u2022 appropriate cabling \\u2022 oscilloscope or high-speed acquisition system The bandwidth and dynamic range of the whole chain must be checked to ensure the measured transient is reproduced accurately.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do you size a lightning test bench for aerospace equipment?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"You need to determine: \\u2022 the standard \\u2022 the category \\u2022 the waveforms \\u2022 the levels \\u2022 pin injection \\\/ cable bundle methods \\u2022 harness characteristics \\u2022 the equipment to be tested \\u2022 measurement and calibration needs\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What are the CS114, CS115 and CS116 tests?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"These methods correspond to different types of conducted susceptibility in the military domain. They differ in particular in: \\u2022 the type of signal \\u2022 the frequency range \\u2022 the coupling mode \\u2022 the levels \\u2022 the equipment required\"}}]}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of contents Aerospace EMC: qualification, certification and operational safety In aviation, controlling the electromagnetic environment is essential to the qualification of airborne equipment, its integration and the operational safety of aircraft. EMC testing applies to electronic equipment and subassemblies as well as to integrated systems and complete aircraft. It verifies electromagnetic emissions, susceptibility to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12071,"parent":12127,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12133","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Aerospace - Hemera RF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/activities\/aerospace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Aerospace - Hemera RF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Table of contents Aerospace EMC: qualification, certification and operational safety In aviation, controlling the electromagnetic environment is essential to the qualification of airborne equipment, its integration and the operational safety of aircraft. EMC testing applies to electronic equipment and subassemblies as well as to integrated systems and complete aircraft. It verifies electromagnetic emissions, susceptibility to [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/activities\/aerospace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Hemera RF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-11-03T10:52:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/hemera.e-declic.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/CEM-aeronautique-2026-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/\",\"name\":\"Aerospace - Hemera RF\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/CEM-aeronautique-2026-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-11-03T10:07:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-11-03T10:52:23+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/CEM-aeronautique-2026-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/CEM-aeronautique-2026-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2048,\"height\":1365},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/aerospace\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Activities\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/activities\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Aerospace\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Hemera RF\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Hemera RF\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-LOGO_HEMERA.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-LOGO_HEMERA.png\",\"width\":320,\"height\":138,\"caption\":\"Hemera RF\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hemera-rf.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Aerospace - Hemera RF","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/activities\/aerospace\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Aerospace - Hemera RF","og_description":"Table of contents Aerospace EMC: qualification, certification and operational safety In aviation, controlling the electromagnetic environment is essential to the qualification of airborne equipment, its integration and the operational safety of aircraft. 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