{"id":12141,"date":"2026-11-03T11:13:01","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T10:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hemera.e-declic.net\/?page_id=12141"},"modified":"2026-11-03T11:54:20","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T10:54:20","slug":"faq","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/faq\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQ"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12141\" class=\"elementor elementor-12141 elementor-11792\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eaa609 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section e-4678ba6 \" data-id=\"5eaa609\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5eaa609\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5eaa609\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d2247 e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-default-div e-82d2247-d766be0 hm-inner \" data-id=\"82d2247\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"82d2247\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"82d2247\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a8ef2a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-dfb558e \" data-id=\"7a8ef2a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7a8ef2a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7a8ef2a\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f28e3e7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"f28e3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Aucun titre n\\u2019a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 trouv\\u00e9 sur cette page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f28e3e7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f28e3e7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__f28e3e7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9765aed e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-74ef2e7 \" data-id=\"9765aed\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"9765aed\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"9765aed\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68f815b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68f815b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Preparing an EMC test, sizing a test bench <br \/>or choosing equipment?<\/strong><\/p><p>This FAQ helps you make the right technical decisions. It answers the questions we are most often asked by laboratories, manufacturers and design offices: how to choose an antenna or an amplifier, when to opt for a GTEM cell rather than an anechoic chamber, which coupling device to select, and how to approach transients, HEMP and test automation.<\/p><p>For specific requirements, our engineers will help you choose the right solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e7973e e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2e7d366 \" data-id=\"7e7973e\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7e7973e\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7e7973e\">\n    <section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5166d1a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section hm-section hm-section-casse \" data-id=\"5166d1a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5166d1a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5166d1a\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2661010 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div hm-inner \" data-id=\"2661010\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"2661010\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"2661010\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dac5862 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-5c731bd-b6be \" data-id=\"4dac5862\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"4dac5862\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"4dac5862\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669691ec e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-4f69d34e-37d3 \" data-id=\"669691ec\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"669691ec\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"669691ec\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"374140cd\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"374140cd\">EMC \/ RF testing<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-579f3fb0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-53e5b712-6f9a \" data-id=\"579f3fb0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"579f3fb0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20d5a933 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"20d5a933\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"20d5a933\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"20d5a933\" open name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b8b99ee e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6b8b99ee\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6b8b99ee\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6b8b99ee\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545c27a7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"545c27a7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"545c27a7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"545c27a7\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"408777ac\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"408777ac\">What is an EMC test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aa41590 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6aa41590\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6aa41590\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6aa41590\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"70ba8e6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"70ba8e6\">An EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) test verifies that an electrical or electronic device:<br>\u2022 operates correctly in its electromagnetic environment<br>\u2022 does not generate excessive interference affecting other equipment<br>\u2022 complies with the emission levels set by the applicable standard<br>\u2022 maintains the expected performance when subjected to electromagnetic disturbances<br>EMC testing mainly covers conducted and radiated emissions, and conducted and radiated immunity.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2694f0a1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2694f0a1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2694f0a1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2694f0a1\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41806877 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"41806877\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"41806877\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"41806877\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f1a84de e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3f1a84de\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3f1a84de\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3f1a84de\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1d7d35b6\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1d7d35b6\">What is the difference between an EMC emissions test and an immunity test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-745480b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"745480b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"745480b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"745480b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"34f75ac3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"34f75ac3\">\u2022 An emissions test measures the electromagnetic interference generated by the equipment.<br>\u2022 It verifies that this interference stays below the limits set by the applicable standard.<br>\u2022 An immunity test, by contrast, subjects the equipment to defined disturbances.<br>\u2022 It verifies that the equipment continues to operate in line with the expected performance criteria.<br>Emissions and immunity tests are therefore complementary.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2ef5b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"da2ef5b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"da2ef5b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"da2ef5b\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a68c76a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4a68c76a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4a68c76a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4a68c76a\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d3e668 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"52d3e668\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"52d3e668\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"52d3e668\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1df6c8e5\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1df6c8e5\">What equipment is needed to carry out EMC testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cdf4b51 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5cdf4b51\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5cdf4b51\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5cdf4b51\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"68bda24a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"68bda24a\">Depending on the method and standard, an EMC laboratory may use:<br>\u2022 EMI receivers or spectrum analysers<br>\u2022 RF generators and power amplifiers<br>\u2022 antennas and field probes<br>\u2022 power meters and power sensors<br>\u2022 LISNs, CDNs, BCI clamps and current probes<br>\u2022 ESD, burst, surge or transient generators<br>\u2022 anechoic chambers, reverberation chambers, Faraday cages or GTEM cells<br>\u2022 control and automation software<br>HEMERA RF covers EMC, RF and microwave equipment over a stated range from DC to 110 GHz.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59aaa92d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"59aaa92d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"59aaa92d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"59aaa92d\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e141b70 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"e141b70\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"e141b70\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"e141b70\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49993b97 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"49993b97\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"49993b97\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"49993b97\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"21925172\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"21925172\">What are the main EMC test standards?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73d4a9a7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"73d4a9a7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"73d4a9a7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"73d4a9a7\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3caaaec5\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3caaaec5\">Standards depend on the sector, the product and its operating environment. They notably include:<br>\u2022 IEC\/EN 61000-4-x for many immunity tests;<br>\u2022 CISPR publications for radio disturbances and their measurement methods;<br>\u2022 CISPR 25 for automotive;<br>\u2022 ISO 11451 \/ ISO 11452, ISO 7637 and ISO 16750 for automotive;<br>\u2022 RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 for civil aviation;<br>\u2022 various MIL-STD standards for military applications.<br><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34e6afba e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"34e6afba\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"34e6afba\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"34e6afba\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34815dc0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"34815dc0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"34815dc0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"34815dc0\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ac7830 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"66ac7830\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"66ac7830\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"66ac7830\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2f15ae24\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2f15ae24\">How do I choose the equipment for an EMC test bench?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c3ca7b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"12c3ca7b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"12c3ca7b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"12c3ca7b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1eba0545\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1eba0545\">The choice should start from the technical requirement:<br>\u2022 standards and methods to be covered<br>\u2022 frequency ranges<br>\u2022 test levels<br>\u2022 characteristics of the equipment under test<br>\u2022 required power and dynamic range<br>\u2022 coupling devices and instrumentation<br>\u2022 test environment<br>\u2022 automation needs<br>The test bench must be designed as a complete system, not as a simple collection of instruments.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69515022 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"69515022\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"69515022\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"69515022\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e44bfc7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4e44bfc7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4e44bfc7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4e44bfc7\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f41e54 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"29f41e54\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"29f41e54\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"29f41e54\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"4c98686c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4c98686c\">How can an EMC test bench be automated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf96ef0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"cf96ef0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"cf96ef0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"cf96ef0\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2984dfb3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2984dfb3\">Test software can control:<br>\u2022 generators<br>\u2022 amplifiers<br>\u2022 receivers and analysers<br>\u2022 power meters and sensors<br>\u2022 RF switches<br>\u2022 antenna masts and turntables<br>\u2022 other auxiliary equipment<br>Drivers allow the software to communicate with the various instruments, making it possible to build an automated multi-brand test bench.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-393eba70 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"393eba70\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"393eba70\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"393eba70\"  name=\"579f3fb0\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65cb0668 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"65cb0668\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"65cb0668\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"65cb0668\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566fbd15 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"566fbd15\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"566fbd15\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"566fbd15\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"14c4bcdc\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"14c4bcdc\">How do you set up a turnkey EMC laboratory?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a81a27b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2a81a27b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2a81a27b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2a81a27b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7d891aba\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7d891aba\">An EMC laboratory project typically includes:<br>\u2022 technical qualification of the requirement<br>\u2022 identification of the standards<br>\u2022 definition of the architecture<br>\u2022 equipment selection<br>\u2022 supply and integration<br>\u2022 automation<br>\u2022 installation and commissioning<br>\u2022 metrology and calibration management<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3edcde13 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-50ea4daf-d6ce \" data-id=\"3edcde13\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"3edcde13\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"3edcde13\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"11553859\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"11553859\">EMC, RF and microwave antennas<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466b498d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-5e8102eb-ba15 \" data-id=\"466b498d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"466b498d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"466b498d\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b280d9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"6b280d9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6b280d9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6b280d9\" open name=\"466b498d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db3e42e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"db3e42e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"db3e42e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"db3e42e\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a62431 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"79a62431\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"79a62431\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"79a62431\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2377692\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2377692\">How do I choose an antenna for EMC testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b4f15f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"23b4f15f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"23b4f15f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"23b4f15f\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"29714637\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"29714637\">The factors to consider include:<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>\u2022 type of test: emissions or immunity<br>\u2022 applicable standard<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 antenna factor<br>\u2022 power handling<br>\u2022 radiation pattern<br>\u2022 installation constraints<br>Depending on the application, loop, biconical, log-periodic, BiLog or horn antennas may be used, as well as antennas designed for microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59c8a18b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"59c8a18b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"59c8a18b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"59c8a18b\"  name=\"466b498d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-120803eb e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"120803eb\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"120803eb\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"120803eb\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11427d0e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"11427d0e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"11427d0e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"11427d0e\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"395209fe\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"395209fe\">What is the antenna factor?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ef9125a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7ef9125a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7ef9125a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7ef9125a\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"641da19a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"641da19a\">The antenna factor:<br>\u2022 relates the voltage measured at the antenna output to the electric field<br>\u2022 varies with frequency<br>\u2022 is usually expressed in dB\/m<br>\u2022 is used to convert a voltage measured by a receiver into a field strength<br>It is therefore an essential characteristic for radiated emissions measurements.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7329db0b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"7329db0b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"7329db0b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"7329db0b\"  name=\"466b498d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b5c852f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6b5c852f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6b5c852f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6b5c852f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a686707 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3a686707\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3a686707\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3a686707\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3e1df807\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3e1df807\">Why does antenna gain matter in EMC?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63b2a2f8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"63b2a2f8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"63b2a2f8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"63b2a2f8\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7dff2a09\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7dff2a09\">Gain:<br>\u2022 describes the antenna\u2019s ability to concentrate energy<br>\u2022 affects the field strength achieved for a given power<br>\u2022 plays a direct role in sizing a radiated immunity test chain<br>It must be considered together with frequency, distance, radiation pattern, VSWR and the required field uniformity.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adfdad0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4adfdad0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4adfdad0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4adfdad0\"  name=\"466b498d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30c2a371 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"30c2a371\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"30c2a371\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"30c2a371\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa7782d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5aa7782d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5aa7782d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5aa7782d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"45447872\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"45447872\">Does an EMC antenna need to be calibrated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481af49d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"481af49d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"481af49d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"481af49d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"335476f0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"335476f0\">For quantitative emissions measurements, you need to know in particular:<br>\u2022 its antenna factor as a function of frequency<br>\u2022 the characterisation conditions<br>\u2022 the associated uncertainty<br>\u2022 the corresponding metrological traceability<br>Whether calibration is needed, and how often, depends on use and on the applicable requirements.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd3adce e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4dd3adce\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4dd3adce\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4dd3adce\"  name=\"466b498d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa80100 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2aa80100\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2aa80100\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2aa80100\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c3666a4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4c3666a4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4c3666a4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4c3666a4\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"4eff1871\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4eff1871\">How do I choose an antenna mast or positioner?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d57996d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"1d57996d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1d57996d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1d57996d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"63435310\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"63435310\">The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 the weight and dimensions of the antenna<br>\u2022 the required height and travel<br>\u2022 polarisation changes<br>\u2022 positioning accuracy<br>\u2022 the level of automation required<br>\u2022 the electromagnetic influence of the structure<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b85c4a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3cdcd0ea-2af3 \" data-id=\"2b85c4a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"2b85c4a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"2b85c4a\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"5e81417f\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5e81417f\">RF \/ power amplifiers<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5e7499 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-127cc803-363d \" data-id=\"d5e7499\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"d5e7499\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"d5e7499\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-316baa4f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"316baa4f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"316baa4f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"316baa4f\" open name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34a12b2d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"34a12b2d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"34a12b2d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"34a12b2d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62dbc02c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"62dbc02c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"62dbc02c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"62dbc02c\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"31752dd5\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"31752dd5\">How do I choose an RF amplifier for EMC testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e552fc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"21e552fc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"21e552fc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"21e552fc\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"754c5a8a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"754c5a8a\">The main criteria are:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 power available across the whole band<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 linearity<br>\u2022 compression<br>\u2022 tolerance to mismatch<br>\u2022 protection features<br>\u2022 the power actually required for the test<br>Rated power alone is therefore not enough to select the right amplifier.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a0e5fe e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"57a0e5fe\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"57a0e5fe\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"57a0e5fe\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4963f8a1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4963f8a1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4963f8a1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4963f8a1\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5116e8b3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5116e8b3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5116e8b3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5116e8b3\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"5a73a35a\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5a73a35a\">How much amplifier power is needed for a radiated immunity test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df2b5dc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"4df2b5dc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"4df2b5dc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"4df2b5dc\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"22d3219c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"22d3219c\">It depends on:<br>\u2022 the required field strength in V\/m<br>\u2022 the test distance<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 cable and accessory losses<br>\u2022 the test environment<br>\u2022 the required margin<br>Sizing must be carried out across the entire frequency band.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1b6e83 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"1d1b6e83\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"1d1b6e83\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"1d1b6e83\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7610bbec e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7610bbec\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7610bbec\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7610bbec\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2702794 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"2702794\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"2702794\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"2702794\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"8c2023d\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8c2023d\">How much RF power is needed to generate a 10 V\/m field?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6925e8e8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6925e8e8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6925e8e8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6925e8e8\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3004134c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3004134c\">There is no universal power figure.<br>The power depends on:<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the electromagnetic environment<br>\u2022 the required field uniformity<br>A theoretical estimate allows preliminary sizing, but the actual configuration must be validated by calibration.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11001496 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"11001496\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"11001496\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"11001496\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2213dbee e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2213dbee\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2213dbee\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2213dbee\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f9db836 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1f9db836\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1f9db836\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1f9db836\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"5b54b16\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5b54b16\">How do you calculate the RF power needed to reach a given field strength?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b841d65 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6b841d65\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6b841d65\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6b841d65\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"51611381\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"51611381\">The calculation must take into account:<br>\u2022 the required field<br>\u2022 the antenna-to-equipment distance<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 cable losses<br>\u2022 losses in couplers, switches and connectors<br>\u2022 an operating margin<br>Calibration is then used to verify the actual performance of the chain.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-452cf944 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"452cf944\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"452cf944\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"452cf944\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b00c570 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"5b00c570\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"5b00c570\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"5b00c570\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5aae9a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4f5aae9a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4f5aae9a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4f5aae9a\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"36deb75d\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"36deb75d\">Why is rated power not enough to size an EMC test chain?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398ca827 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"398ca827\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"398ca827\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"398ca827\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1ca95d3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1ca95d3\">Because the field strength also depends on:<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 VSWR<br>\u2022 the test environment<br>\u2022 amplifier linearity<br>You therefore need to size the amplifier, RF chain, antenna and test environment as a whole.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba48cb5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5ba48cb5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5ba48cb5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5ba48cb5\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62f07160 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"62f07160\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"62f07160\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"62f07160\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f006b37 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1f006b37\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1f006b37\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1f006b37\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2945b4a4\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2945b4a4\">How can RF amplifier saturation be avoided?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab02e57 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2ab02e57\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2ab02e57\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2ab02e57\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1a0d404\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1a0d404\">In particular, you should:<br>\u2022 keep a margin from the compression point<br>\u2022 monitor output power<br>\u2022 monitor reflected power<br>\u2022 take the load VSWR into account<br>\u2022 check linearity across the operating band<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66f9eaa2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"66f9eaa2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"66f9eaa2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"66f9eaa2\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b58105d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"b58105d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"b58105d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"b58105d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1762575b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1762575b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1762575b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1762575b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2aa6bc56\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2aa6bc56\">How do I correctly match an amplifier with an antenna?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f177405 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5f177405\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5f177405\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5f177405\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6fe9cf44\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6fe9cf44\">You should check:<br>\u2022 that the frequency bands are compatible<br>\u2022 impedance<br>\u2022 the antenna\u2019s power handling<br>\u2022 the power available from the amplifier<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the required field strength<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6f6a2e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2d6f6a2e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2d6f6a2e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2d6f6a2e\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34f95137 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"34f95137\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"34f95137\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"34f95137\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb4bb35 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5eb4bb35\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5eb4bb35\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5eb4bb35\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"61d2c84e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"61d2c84e\">How do I size an amplifier and antenna chain to reach a given level in V\/m?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58ad1ad1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"58ad1ad1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"58ad1ad1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"58ad1ad1\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"59b0931d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"59b0931d\">The approach consists of determining:<br>\u2022 the required field<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 the frequency band<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the power required<br>\u2022 the operating margin<br>The final performance must then be confirmed by calibration.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-547845b9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"547845b9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"547845b9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"547845b9\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c467b96 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2c467b96\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2c467b96\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2c467b96\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52426e3d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"52426e3d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"52426e3d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"52426e3d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2957257b\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2957257b\">Which criteria should be compared before buying an RF power amplifier?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213170 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"213170\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"213170\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"213170\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"70e95480\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"70e95480\">Compare in particular:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 output power across the whole band<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 linearity<br>\u2022 compression<br>\u2022 VSWR tolerance<br>\u2022 permissible reflected power<br>\u2022 protection features<br>The deciding criterion remains its ability to deliver the required performance in the actual test chain.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59f440c8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"59f440c8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"59f440c8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"59f440c8\"  name=\"d5e7499\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b8235b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"32b8235b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"32b8235b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"32b8235b\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76cab6c8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"76cab6c8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"76cab6c8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"76cab6c8\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2e2c6fcb\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2e2c6fcb\">How is RF power measured during an EMC test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae1ff4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"ae1ff4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"ae1ff4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"ae1ff4\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"41adc147\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"41adc147\">You can use:<br>\u2022 a power meter<br>\u2022 one or more power sensors<br>\u2022 a directional coupler<br>\u2022 a means of distinguishing forward and reflected power<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60009e0 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-adde6a3-50b0 \" data-id=\"60009e0\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"60009e0\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"60009e0\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"34fc58fa\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"34fc58fa\">Anechoic chambers \/ Faraday cages \/ GTEM<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f2a298 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-545828b1-b610 \" data-id=\"50f2a298\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"50f2a298\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"50f2a298\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59c9d13a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"59c9d13a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"59c9d13a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"59c9d13a\" open name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c96e5ca e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2c96e5ca\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2c96e5ca\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2c96e5ca\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff3ded0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"ff3ded0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"ff3ded0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"ff3ded0\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3e5fbe19\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3e5fbe19\">What is an EMC anechoic chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733fc414 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"733fc414\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"733fc414\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"733fc414\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"250e5794\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"250e5794\">An anechoic chamber combines:<br>\u2022 a shielded enclosure<br>\u2022 RF absorber materials<br>\u2022 a controlled electromagnetic environment<br>It is used for a range of radiated emissions and immunity tests.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a4d2fbc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2a4d2fbc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2a4d2fbc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2a4d2fbc\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64c17391 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"64c17391\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"64c17391\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"64c17391\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bac4363 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4bac4363\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4bac4363\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4bac4363\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2b6328f8\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b6328f8\">What is a semi-anechoic chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7898169a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7898169a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7898169a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7898169a\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"494e0a8e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"494e0a8e\">It typically has:<br>\u2022 absorber-lined walls<br>\u2022 an absorber-lined ceiling<br>\u2022 a conductive, reflective floor<br>This configuration reproduces certain conditions specified by standardised methods.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb03597 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5fb03597\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5fb03597\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5fb03597\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-264224e2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"264224e2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"264224e2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"264224e2\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5daa79 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3a5daa79\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3a5daa79\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3a5daa79\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"142f823b\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"142f823b\">What is the difference between an anechoic chamber and a reverberation chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9f2cff e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"d9f2cff\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"d9f2cff\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"d9f2cff\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5f0c8223\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5f0c8223\">Anechoic chamber:<br>\u2022 aims to reduce reflections<br>\u2022 uses RF absorbers<br>Reverberation chamber:<br>\u2022 on the contrary, exploits reflections<br>\u2022 uses a conductive enclosure<br>\u2022 uses stirrers to vary the field distribution<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d95b37 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"38d95b37\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"38d95b37\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"38d95b37\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1838dfe2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1838dfe2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1838dfe2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1838dfe2\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6947d56 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"6947d56\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"6947d56\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"6947d56\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"328a7a6f\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"328a7a6f\">What is a GTEM cell?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a3d0161 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6a3d0161\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6a3d0161\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6a3d0161\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"712250b1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"712250b1\">A GTEM cell:<br>\u2022 is a shielded electromagnetic structure<br>\u2022 generates a controlled field<br>\u2022 can be used for certain immunity tests<br>\u2022 can also be used for certain emissions characterisations<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50af56 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3f50af56\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3f50af56\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3f50af56\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae91761 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3ae91761\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3ae91761\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3ae91761\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51043032 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"51043032\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"51043032\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"51043032\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"6fc824cc\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6fc824cc\">What is the difference between a TEM cell and a GTEM cell?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-592388f9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"592388f9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"592388f9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"592388f9\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"36dea4cd\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"36dea4cd\">Both generate a transverse electromagnetic mode.<br>The GTEM cell notably features:<br>\u2022 a tapered geometry<br>\u2022 a matched termination<br>\u2022 a design that extends the usable range compared with a conventional TEM cell<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d11cd2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"71d11cd2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"71d11cd2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"71d11cd2\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7462d0a6 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7462d0a6\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7462d0a6\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7462d0a6\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37b7a43a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"37b7a43a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"37b7a43a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"37b7a43a\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2848f118\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2848f118\">GTEM cell or anechoic chamber: which should I choose?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e81e709 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5e81e709\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5e81e709\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5e81e709\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"212de839\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"212de839\">The choice depends on:<br>\u2022 the size of the equipment<br>\u2022 the frequencies<br>\u2022 the test levels<br>\u2022 the standards to be covered<br>\u2022 the available space<br>\u2022 the configurations required<br>A GTEM cell is a compact solution, whereas a chamber generally offers more configuration options.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f533f7d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3f533f7d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3f533f7d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3f533f7d\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bf18dc0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2bf18dc0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2bf18dc0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2bf18dc0\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29bf91fe e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"29bf91fe\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"29bf91fe\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"29bf91fe\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"66a3e2a8\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"66a3e2a8\">Can immunity tests be carried out in a GTEM cell?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e80f53e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2e80f53e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2e80f53e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2e80f53e\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"e488dc8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e488dc8\">Yes, for certain methods, provided you check:<br>\u2022 the available power<br>\u2022 the usable test volume<br>\u2022 field uniformity<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 the required level<br>\u2022 compatibility with the applicable standard<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b822ca e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"6b822ca\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6b822ca\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6b822ca\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2816ee e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7c2816ee\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7c2816ee\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7c2816ee\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35cb1c58 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"35cb1c58\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"35cb1c58\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"35cb1c58\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1c82782e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1c82782e\">Can emissions tests be carried out in a GTEM cell?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cd20676 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6cd20676\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6cd20676\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6cd20676\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7cf48da6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7cf48da6\">Yes, for certain characterisations.<br>For a compliance measurement, however, you must check that the GTEM method is compatible with the standard and with the purpose of the test.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ce5460d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3ce5460d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3ce5460d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3ce5460d\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1645be6a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1645be6a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1645be6a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1645be6a\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54542319 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"54542319\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"54542319\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"54542319\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"17b1272a\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"17b1272a\">How do you size an EMC anechoic chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13976737 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"13976737\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"13976737\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"13976737\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"422a5be7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"422a5be7\">The specifications must define in particular:<br>\u2022 standards and methods<br>\u2022 frequency ranges<br>\u2022 measurement distances<br>\u2022 equipment dimensions<br>\u2022 field strengths<br>\u2022 shielding performance<br>\u2022 absorber performance<br>\u2022 access, ventilation and filtered power supplies<br>\u2022 antenna masts, turntables and automation<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8884 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"8c8884\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"8c8884\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"8c8884\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14a7b4df e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"14a7b4df\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"14a7b4df\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"14a7b4df\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6623340b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"6623340b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"6623340b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"6623340b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7721459e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7721459e\">How do I choose RF absorbers for an anechoic chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a27db86 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7a27db86\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7a27db86\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7a27db86\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"22e1b101\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"22e1b101\">The choice depends on:<br>\u2022 the lowest frequency<br>\u2022 the highest frequency<br>\u2022 the required reflectivity performance<br>\u2022 the chamber geometry<br>\u2022 the available space<br>Ferrite tiles, pyramidal absorbers or hybrid solutions can be combined.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46e4db67 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"46e4db67\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"46e4db67\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"46e4db67\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a34783d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6a34783d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6a34783d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6a34783d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd890ab e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5cd890ab\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5cd890ab\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5cd890ab\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"768746c2\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"768746c2\">What are Faraday cage filters used for?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75f6a1cb e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"75f6a1cb\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"75f6a1cb\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"75f6a1cb\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"528a3c27\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"528a3c27\">They make it possible to:<br>\u2022 bring certain power supplies or signal lines into the enclosure<br>\u2022 limit the propagation of interference along cables<br>\u2022 preserve shielding performance<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb3d614 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2eb3d614\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2eb3d614\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2eb3d614\"  name=\"50f2a298\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bf5dff e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2bf5dff\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2bf5dff\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2bf5dff\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53769fa e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"53769fa\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"53769fa\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"53769fa\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"11143c5c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"11143c5c\">How do I choose an RF shielded enclosure?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78a632c9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"78a632c9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"78a632c9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"78a632c9\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"48b48ea1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"48b48ea1\">The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>\u2022 required shielding effectiveness<br>\u2022 dimensions<br>\u2022 doors<br>\u2022 feedthroughs<br>\u2022 connectors<br>\u2022 filters<br>\u2022 ventilation<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-949d68e e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-949d68e-706ecb2 \" data-id=\"949d68e\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"949d68e\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"949d68e\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"b44d41f\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"b44d41f\">ARACION shielded enclosures and racks<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ecc830 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-8ecc830-8da82db \" data-id=\"8ecc830\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"8ecc830\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"8ecc830\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deb0166 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"deb0166\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"deb0166\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"deb0166\" open name=\"8ecc830\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c94ac0d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"c94ac0d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"c94ac0d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"c94ac0d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2152942 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"2152942\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"2152942\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"2152942\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"e879554\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e879554\"><strong>What is an RF shielded enclosure?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57817da e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"57817da\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"57817da\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"57817da\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"b88a7ed\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"b88a7ed\">An RF shielded enclosure (box or rack) is a screened housing that protects electronic equipment from external electromagnetic interference. It enables reliable, repeatable radio-frequency testing in a controlled electromagnetic environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f99ff5a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"f99ff5a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"f99ff5a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"f99ff5a\"  name=\"8ecc830\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d44a94a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"d44a94a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"d44a94a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"d44a94a\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2421dd9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"2421dd9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"2421dd9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"2421dd9\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"79adf7a\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"79adf7a\">What shielding performance do ARACION enclosures offer?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c77a52 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"9c77a52\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"9c77a52\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"9c77a52\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"141bdc6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"141bdc6\">ARACION shielded enclosures offer shielding effectiveness of up to 120 dB.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea071e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"cea071e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"cea071e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"cea071e\"  name=\"8ecc830\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec5976 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"fec5976\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"fec5976\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"fec5976\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-377e063 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"377e063\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"377e063\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"377e063\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2ac28a7\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2ac28a7\">Which applications require an RF shielded enclosure?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9c7057 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"e9c7057\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"e9c7057\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"e9c7057\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"d6544de\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"d6544de\">RF shielded enclosures are used for 5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IoT and EMC testing, as well as for antenna characterisation, radio module validation and quality control of telecommunications equipment. They integrate into R&amp;D laboratories and automated test benches.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a489e2c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"a489e2c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"a489e2c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"a489e2c\"  name=\"8ecc830\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2445a02 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2445a02\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2445a02\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2445a02\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60fa6e5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"60fa6e5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"60fa6e5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"60fa6e5\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"679f722\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"679f722\">Can ARACION shielded enclosures and cabinets be customised?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b23567 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2b23567\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2b23567\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2b23567\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"ca653a8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"ca653a8\">Yes. ARACION shielded enclosures can be customised in size, connectivity and equipment. They can integrate RF connectors (SMA, N, BNC), filtered USB, Ethernet or HDMI interfaces, filtered AC\/DC power supplies, shielded ventilation and RF absorbers.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08e1bcb e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"08e1bcb\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"08e1bcb\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"08e1bcb\"  name=\"8ecc830\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb40124 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"fb40124\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"fb40124\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"fb40124\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934257b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"934257b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"934257b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"934257b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"b510d5c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"b510d5c\">What is the difference between an RF shielded enclosure and an anechoic chamber?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdbbf81 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"bdbbf81\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"bdbbf81\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"bdbbf81\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"a50904f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"a50904f\">Anechoic chambers are mainly used for EMC testing and antenna measurements, particularly on large equipment. More compact, shielded enclosures are particularly well suited to testing wireless communication equipment (5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IoT), in R&amp;D laboratories or on production test benches.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96bb45c e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-26aa027e-7a52 \" data-id=\"96bb45c\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"96bb45c\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"96bb45c\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"2b4532bb\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b4532bb\">Injection clamps \/ current probes \/ LISNs<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ef341e5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-785af329-6705 \" data-id=\"2ef341e5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"2ef341e5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62693d05 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"62693d05\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"62693d05\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"62693d05\" open name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d7c7b9d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2d7c7b9d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2d7c7b9d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2d7c7b9d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c0176b3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4c0176b3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4c0176b3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4c0176b3\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1fccf2a4\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1fccf2a4\">What is a BCI current injection clamp?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8d184 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"af8d184\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"af8d184\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"af8d184\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7233cc56\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7233cc56\">A BCI (Bulk Current Injection) clamp:<br>\u2022 is placed around the cable or harness<br>\u2022 injects an RF disturbance without direct connection to the conductors<br>\u2022 works on the principle of transformer coupling<br>\u2022 is used for certain conducted immunity tests<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-551ff30f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"551ff30f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"551ff30f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"551ff30f\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d3d331 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"66d3d331\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"66d3d331\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"66d3d331\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4266f08d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4266f08d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4266f08d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4266f08d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"46ae7892\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"46ae7892\">What is a BCI test used for?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36cec2be e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"36cec2be\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"36cec2be\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"36cec2be\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"77009a7f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"77009a7f\">It is used to:<br>\u2022 inject a controlled RF current into a harness<br>\u2022 assess the immunity of the equipment<br>\u2022 reproduce certain electromagnetic coupling effects on the wiring<br>This method is widely used in the automotive industry.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b61388 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"47b61388\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"47b61388\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"47b61388\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-377cc850 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"377cc850\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"377cc850\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"377cc850\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-617a4b1c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"617a4b1c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"617a4b1c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"617a4b1c\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3e9099e9\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3e9099e9\">What is the difference between an injection clamp and a current probe?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50dd61e0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"50dd61e0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"50dd61e0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"50dd61e0\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4671778b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4671778b\">\u2022 The injection clamp applies the RF disturbance.<br>\u2022 The current probe measures the RF current flowing in the harness.<br>They can therefore be used together in the same test chain.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a0a8be2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5a0a8be2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5a0a8be2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5a0a8be2\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b1a11a1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4b1a11a1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4b1a11a1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4b1a11a1\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21bf2fde e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"21bf2fde\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"21bf2fde\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"21bf2fde\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"bb068d0\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"bb068d0\">How is a BCI injection clamp calibrated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3841b16d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"3841b16d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"3841b16d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"3841b16d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"122719fc\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"122719fc\">Characterisation establishes in particular:<br>\u2022 the relationship between RF power and injected current<br>\u2022 performance as a function of frequency<br>\u2022 the clamp\u2019s characteristics in the configuration defined by the method<br>The exact procedure depends on the standard used.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70080ef8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"70080ef8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"70080ef8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"70080ef8\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d0864c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"41d0864c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"41d0864c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"41d0864c\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-273f749f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"273f749f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"273f749f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"273f749f\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"53b08948\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"53b08948\">What is a LISN?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c10d31 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"42c10d31\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"42c10d31\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"42c10d31\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"50f55e35\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"50f55e35\">A LISN (line impedance stabilisation network, \u201cRSIL\u201d in French) is a network that:<br>\u2022 is inserted between the power supply and the equipment<br>\u2022 presents a defined RF impedance<br>\u2022 is used to pick off conducted emissions<br>\u2022 contributes to measurement reproducibility<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5060e361 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5060e361\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5060e361\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5060e361\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43b01596 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"43b01596\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"43b01596\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"43b01596\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a014dc2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4a014dc2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4a014dc2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4a014dc2\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2edc5ad5\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2edc5ad5\">What is a LISN used for in a conducted emissions test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7188398 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7188398\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7188398\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7188398\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"578a9759\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"578a9759\">It is used in particular to:<br>\u2022 present a controlled impedance to the equipment<br>\u2022 provide RF isolation from the power supply<br>\u2022 route the interference to the EMI receiver<br>\u2022 achieve reproducible measurement conditions<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fecc7e9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"6fecc7e9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6fecc7e9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6fecc7e9\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae44f4d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2ae44f4d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2ae44f4d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2ae44f4d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733d910e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"733d910e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"733d910e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"733d910e\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7b5a36a9\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7b5a36a9\">How do I choose a LISN?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-461f245 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"461f245\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"461f245\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"461f245\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"207d4ff5\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"207d4ff5\">The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 the standard<br>\u2022 the type of power supply<br>\u2022 the number of lines<br>\u2022 voltage<br>\u2022 current<br>\u2022 the required impedance<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>In the automotive sector, the network must in particular meet the requirements of standards such as CISPR 25.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-268f7561 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"268f7561\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"268f7561\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"268f7561\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479596eb e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"479596eb\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"479596eb\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"479596eb\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36401c4d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"36401c4d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"36401c4d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"36401c4d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"5822d4e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5822d4e\">What is a coupling\/decoupling network (CDN)?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66a8195b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"66a8195b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"66a8195b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"66a8195b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1858679f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1858679f\">A CDN is used to:<br>\u2022 apply a controlled RF disturbance<br>\u2022 couple it onto the cable under test<br>\u2022 limit its propagation towards auxiliary equipment<br>\u2022 achieve reproducible conditions<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-821cedc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"821cedc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"821cedc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"821cedc\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c31edd3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7c31edd3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7c31edd3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7c31edd3\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48f87024 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"48f87024\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"48f87024\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"48f87024\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1d62b67c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1d62b67c\">What is the difference between a LISN and a CDN?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5702e0dd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5702e0dd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5702e0dd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5702e0dd\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5fbb02ee\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5fbb02ee\">LISN:<br>\u2022 mainly associated with conducted emissions measurement<br>\u2022 provides a defined impedance<br>CDN:<br>\u2022 mainly used to inject an RF disturbance<br>\u2022 provides both coupling and decoupling<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f7ef87 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"49f7ef87\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"49f7ef87\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"49f7ef87\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d6689dc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6d6689dc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6d6689dc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6d6689dc\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b4c3d42 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7b4c3d42\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7b4c3d42\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7b4c3d42\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"196bea21\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"196bea21\">How do I choose a CDN for IEC 61000-4-6 testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-319accfc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"319accfc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"319accfc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"319accfc\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3794624f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3794624f\">The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 cable type<br>\u2022 number of conductors<br>\u2022 currents and voltages present<br>\u2022 frequency<br>\u2022 the characteristics required by IEC\/EN 61000-4-6<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-241eb529 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"241eb529\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"241eb529\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"241eb529\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c40c3f7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7c40c3f7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7c40c3f7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7c40c3f7\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-206c9cb4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"206c9cb4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"206c9cb4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"206c9cb4\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"23f21531\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"23f21531\">What equipment is needed for a conducted immunity test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c58ad38 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"c58ad38\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"c58ad38\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"c58ad38\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"419303d8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"419303d8\">A test chain may include:<br>\u2022 RF generator<br>\u2022 amplifier<br>\u2022 power meter and power sensors<br>\u2022 CDN or injection clamp<br>\u2022 couplers<br>\u2022 attenuators<br>\u2022 loads<br>\u2022 cables and adapters<br>\u2022 control software<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758d1038 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"758d1038\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"758d1038\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"758d1038\"  name=\"2ef341e5\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891d32a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"891d32a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"891d32a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"891d32a\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c823447 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"2c823447\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"2c823447\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"2c823447\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2bfbe570\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2bfbe570\">How do I choose the accessories for a conducted test chain?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4bc855 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2f4bc855\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2f4bc855\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2f4bc855\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"75bb80e3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"75bb80e3\">Check:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 impedance<br>\u2022 power handling<br>\u2022 insertion loss<br>\u2022 matching<br>\u2022 compatibility with the method<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-556decbb e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-56d211b6-7629 \" data-id=\"556decbb\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"556decbb\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"556decbb\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"8c7da4b\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8c7da4b\">ESD \/ Burst \/ Surge \/ transients<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a882c0d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-7c6cae0f-2739 \" data-id=\"1a882c0d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"1a882c0d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6f1c3a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5c6f1c3a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5c6f1c3a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5c6f1c3a\" open name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a77bf10 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7a77bf10\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7a77bf10\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7a77bf10\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1dd42d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5f1dd42d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5f1dd42d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5f1dd42d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"60cd2dcc\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"60cd2dcc\">What is the difference between ESD, burst and surge tests?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b72813 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"55b72813\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"55b72813\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"55b72813\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3e3373d3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3e3373d3\">\u2022 ESD: electrostatic discharge.<br>\u2022 EFT\/burst: bursts of electrical fast transients.<br>\u2022 Surge: higher-energy transient overvoltages.<br>Waveforms, levels, energies and coupling modes are therefore different.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43cbafb4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"43cbafb4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"43cbafb4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"43cbafb4\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ba7a5de e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6ba7a5de\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6ba7a5de\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6ba7a5de\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-212914ad e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"212914ad\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"212914ad\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"212914ad\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"4dbbaec\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4dbbaec\">What is an ESD generator?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135d2003 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"135d2003\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"135d2003\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"135d2003\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"773d7f45\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"773d7f45\">It is used to:<br>\u2022 produce standardised electrostatic discharges<br>\u2022 apply contact or air discharges<br>\u2022 assess the immunity of the equipment<br>IEC\/EN 61000-4-2 is a key standard.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ecbbebe e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4ecbbebe\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4ecbbebe\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4ecbbebe\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3832a214 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3832a214\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3832a214\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3832a214\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bcf73c9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"6bcf73c9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"6bcf73c9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"6bcf73c9\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"49ac42ee\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"49ac42ee\">How is an ESD test carried out to IEC 61000-4-2?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ccd076d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5ccd076d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5ccd076d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5ccd076d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"23b79781\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"23b79781\">The following must be defined in particular:<br>\u2022 voltage levels<br>\u2022 polarity<br>\u2022 points of application<br>\u2022 contact or air discharge<br>\u2022 number of discharges<br>\u2022 performance criteria for the equipment<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35197248 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"35197248\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"35197248\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"35197248\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d21d2a5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2d21d2a5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2d21d2a5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2d21d2a5\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b01be43 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1b01be43\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1b01be43\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1b01be43\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1e21595\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e21595\">What is the difference between contact and air ESD discharges?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15ab1fce e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"15ab1fce\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"15ab1fce\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"15ab1fce\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6d780205\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6d780205\">\u2022 Contact: the tip is placed on the equipment before the discharge is triggered.<br>\u2022 Air: the charged tip is moved towards the equipment until a spark occurs.<br>\u2022 The contact method generally offers better repeatability.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23ef0a2f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"23ef0a2f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"23ef0a2f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"23ef0a2f\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750f621f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"750f621f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"750f621f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"750f621f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54bdd783 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"54bdd783\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"54bdd783\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"54bdd783\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"c87ba72\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c87ba72\">What is an EFT\/burst test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be69120 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6be69120\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6be69120\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6be69120\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"30e15c3e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"30e15c3e\">It reproduces:<br>\u2022 electrical fast transients<br>\u2022 grouped into bursts of pulses<br>\u2022 which typically occur during switching events<br>The method is defined in IEC\/EN 61000-4-4.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-602d3004 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"602d3004\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"602d3004\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"602d3004\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4064037e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4064037e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4064037e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4064037e\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25860c1a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"25860c1a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"25860c1a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"25860c1a\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"70f8a633\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"70f8a633\">What is a surge test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55960584 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"55960584\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"55960584\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"55960584\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"8345a60\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8345a60\">It reproduces:<br>\u2022 transient overvoltages<br>\u2022 with higher energy than a burst<br>\u2022 applied using defined coupling configurations<br>IEC\/EN 61000-4-5 is a key standard.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2361488c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2361488c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2361488c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2361488c\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dcbeab0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3dcbeab0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3dcbeab0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3dcbeab0\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b4f6b3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"47b4f6b3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"47b4f6b3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"47b4f6b3\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7ee15924\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7ee15924\">Which generator should I choose for IEC 61000-4 testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c13bdc5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"3c13bdc5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"3c13bdc5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"3c13bdc5\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5316c4ce\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5316c4ce\">You need to determine which phenomena must be covered:<br>\u2022 ESD<br>\u2022 burst<br>\u2022 surge<br>\u2022 voltage dips and interruptions<br>\u2022 magnetic fields<br>\u2022 other tests in the IEC\/EN 61000-4 series<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1958f821 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"1958f821\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"1958f821\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"1958f821\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12609e40 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"12609e40\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"12609e40\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"12609e40\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79de2fb7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"79de2fb7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"79de2fb7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"79de2fb7\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"26bbdf0c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"26bbdf0c\">What equipment is needed to carry out ISO 7637-2 testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a35814 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2a35814\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2a35814\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2a35814\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"33721518\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"33721518\">Depending on the test:<br>\u2022 transient generator<br>\u2022 power supply<br>\u2022 networks and loads<br>\u2022 coupling devices<br>\u2022 oscilloscope and probes<br>\u2022 accessories specified by the method<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b990a5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"8b990a5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"8b990a5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"8b990a5\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ef365fa e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2ef365fa\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2ef365fa\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2ef365fa\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1366a544 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1366a544\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1366a544\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1366a544\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"612e28b\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"612e28b\">What is the difference between ISO 7637-2 and ISO 11452?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dd98995 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6dd98995\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6dd98995\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6dd98995\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3a75813b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a75813b\">\u2022 ISO 7637-2: conducted electrical transients in the automotive environment.<br>\u2022 ISO 11452: immunity of automotive components to electromagnetic disturbances, using various methods.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-280b23c9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"280b23c9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"280b23c9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"280b23c9\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c5fc2f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"10c5fc2f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"10c5fc2f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"10c5fc2f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6674d822 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"6674d822\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"6674d822\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"6674d822\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"235a2baf\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"235a2baf\">Can a single generator cover several IEC 61000-4 standards?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f5bbf9a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5f5bbf9a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5f5bbf9a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5f5bbf9a\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"38086979\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"38086979\">Yes, some multifunction systems can cover several phenomena.<br>However, you should check:<br>\u2022 which functions are actually built in<br>\u2022 the coupling networks required<br>\u2022 the available levels<br>\u2022 the compliance of each function with the relevant method<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22575809 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"22575809\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"22575809\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"22575809\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3afef857 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3afef857\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3afef857\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3afef857\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ca5fea e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1ca5fea\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1ca5fea\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1ca5fea\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2b8911dc\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b8911dc\">What is an RF power sensor?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-278c4e9b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"278c4e9b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"278c4e9b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"278c4e9b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"97bbe0f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"97bbe0f\">A power sensor is characterised in particular by:<br>\u2022 its frequency band<br>\u2022 its dynamic range<br>\u2022 its maximum power<br>\u2022 its accuracy<br>\u2022 its linearity<br>\u2022 the types of signal it can measure<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-591ee30d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"591ee30d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"591ee30d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"591ee30d\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a0f3a79 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6a0f3a79\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6a0f3a79\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6a0f3a79\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49aee890 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"49aee890\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"49aee890\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"49aee890\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"350a20cd\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"350a20cd\">What is the difference between CW and pulse measurement?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a7135f5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"2a7135f5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"2a7135f5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"2a7135f5\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1f785b36\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1f785b36\">\u2022 CW: measurement of a continuous or quasi-continuous signal.<br>\u2022 Pulse: measurement of a pulsed signal.<br>For pulsed signals, you may need to characterise:<br>\u2022 peak power<br>\u2022 pulse width<br>\u2022 duty cycle<br>\u2022 time-domain behaviour<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5acb4859 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"5acb4859\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5acb4859\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5acb4859\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13626d80 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"13626d80\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"13626d80\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"13626d80\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-181b6330 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"181b6330\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"181b6330\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"181b6330\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"75cde72d\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"75cde72d\">Why is the linearity of an RF power sensor important?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d043192 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5d043192\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5d043192\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5d043192\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7c3f4f7e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7c3f4f7e\">Good linearity makes it possible to:<br>\u2022 maintain reliable measurements as the power level varies<br>\u2022 reduce errors across the dynamic range used<br>\u2022 better control the power actually applied<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751dea50 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"751dea50\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"751dea50\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"751dea50\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741220b2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"741220b2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"741220b2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"741220b2\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62005b7d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"62005b7d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"62005b7d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"62005b7d\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7e0e5cb2\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7e0e5cb2\">What is an isotropic E-field probe?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667128ae e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"667128ae\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"667128ae\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"667128ae\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6a9ec282\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6a9ec282\">An isotropic probe:<br>\u2022 measures the electric field along several axes<br>\u2022 gives a reading that is largely independent of its orientation<br>\u2022 can be used for field calibration<br>\u2022 is used in particular in radiated immunity testing<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34af81de e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"34af81de\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"34af81de\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"34af81de\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78a2d50f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"78a2d50f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"78a2d50f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"78a2d50f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a8280a8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7a8280a8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7a8280a8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7a8280a8\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"65dbc664\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"65dbc664\">What is the difference between RF power measurement and field measurement?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dc4625f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"1dc4625f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1dc4625f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1dc4625f\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2a3b0a33\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2a3b0a33\">\u2022 RF power describes the energy flowing in a transmission line.<br>\u2022 The electric field describes the electromagnetic environment in space and can be expressed in V\/m.<br>The two measurements are complementary.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-563ffe35 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"563ffe35\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"563ffe35\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"563ffe35\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4dff79 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"3e4dff79\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3e4dff79\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3e4dff79\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-698259db e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"698259db\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"698259db\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"698259db\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"45e1dfbb\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"45e1dfbb\">Why use several sensors in a test chain?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1750951d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"1750951d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1750951d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1750951d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4772f6c4\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4772f6c4\">Because a single sensor may not cover:<br>\u2022 the whole frequency band<br>\u2022 the whole dynamic range<br>\u2022 all power levels<br>\u2022 all signal types<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fd51b02 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"1fd51b02\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"1fd51b02\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"1fd51b02\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f61475 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"65f61475\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"65f61475\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"65f61475\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f2679b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"72f2679b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"72f2679b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"72f2679b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"66a2bec7\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"66a2bec7\">How often should a field probe be calibrated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7acb4d4f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7acb4d4f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7acb4d4f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7acb4d4f\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4b00349c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4b00349c\">The calibration interval depends on:<br>\u2022 use<br>\u2022 the manufacturer\u2019s recommendations<br>\u2022 the stresses the probe is subjected to<br>\u2022 the quality system<br>\u2022 its stability history<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d58fe17 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4d58fe17\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4d58fe17\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4d58fe17\"  name=\"1a882c0d\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f53af28 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7f53af28\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7f53af28\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7f53af28\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d944069 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3d944069\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3d944069\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3d944069\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"43a4301f\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"43a4301f\">How often should an RF power meter be calibrated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e157e00 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6e157e00\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6e157e00\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6e157e00\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"a9d83c2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"a9d83c2\">The following should also be considered:<br>\u2022 frequency of use<br>\u2022 criticality of the measurements<br>\u2022 environmental conditions<br>\u2022 recommendations<br>\u2022 metrological history<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-269b6674 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3587cc36-33a4 \" data-id=\"269b6674\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"269b6674\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"269b6674\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"46699c75\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"46699c75\">HEMP  (High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse)<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4990e8e6 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-6747e766-5337 \" data-id=\"4990e8e6\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"4990e8e6\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"4990e8e6\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14394030 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"14394030\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"14394030\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"14394030\" open name=\"4990e8e6\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1860e779 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"1860e779\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1860e779\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1860e779\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b0ad64e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"3b0ad64e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"3b0ad64e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"3b0ad64e\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"66269b95\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"66269b95\">What is a HEMP test?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-690ff12a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"690ff12a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"690ff12a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"690ff12a\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"13a734ba\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"13a734ba\">A HEMP test assesses how an item of equipment or a system behaves when exposed to:<br>\u2022 pulsed electromagnetic disturbances<br>\u2022 fast rise times<br>\u2022 high levels<br>\u2022 phenomena corresponding to the HEMP environment under consideration<br>The methods and levels depend on the applicable standard.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e273c3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"35e273c3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"35e273c3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"35e273c3\"  name=\"4990e8e6\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee4fdf9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7ee4fdf9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7ee4fdf9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7ee4fdf9\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39500d58 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"39500d58\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"39500d58\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"39500d58\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3cb97b72\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3cb97b72\">What is a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45e20bd3 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"45e20bd3\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"45e20bd3\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"45e20bd3\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"10ab3496\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"10ab3496\">A HEMP (high-altitude electromagnetic pulse):<br>\u2022 is associated with a nuclear event at high altitude<br>\u2022 can produce an electromagnetic disturbance over a very wide area<br>\u2022 can couple onto structures and cables<br>\u2022 can disrupt electrical and electronic systems<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6307ca2d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"6307ca2d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6307ca2d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6307ca2d\"  name=\"4990e8e6\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732c63cf e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"732c63cf\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"732c63cf\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"732c63cf\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30f6e0dd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"30f6e0dd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"30f6e0dd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"30f6e0dd\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"43c91bb5\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"43c91bb5\">What equipment is needed to carry out HEMP testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f05c029 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"6f05c029\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6f05c029\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6f05c029\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2da5c6b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2da5c6b\">Depending on the method:<br>\u2022 pulse generators<br>\u2022 high-voltage or high-current generators<br>\u2022 coupling devices<br>\u2022 injection networks<br>\u2022 high-voltage probes<br>\u2022 current probes<br>\u2022 high-speed acquisition systems<br>\u2022 suitable accessories and protection<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4520ba92 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4520ba92\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4520ba92\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4520ba92\"  name=\"4990e8e6\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aed70b4 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6aed70b4\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6aed70b4\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6aed70b4\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f49662 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"26f49662\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"26f49662\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"26f49662\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3754a2ce\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3754a2ce\">Which standards govern HEMP testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da7eaf6 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"7da7eaf6\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7da7eaf6\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7da7eaf6\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2db969e8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2db969e8\">The applicable standard depends on the programme.<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-188<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-464<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-461<br>\u2022 CS106<br>\u2022 CS114<br>\u2022 CS115<br>\u2022 CS116<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-775933a1 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-14891f22-1615 \" data-id=\"775933a1\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"775933a1\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"775933a1\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"3a1db96c\" class=\"hm-h2-content e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a1db96c\">EMC \/ RF \/ radio software and automation<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4e847b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  hm-faq-container e-cbfa542-65d3 \" data-id=\"3a4e847b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"3a4e847b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483cc02a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"483cc02a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"483cc02a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"483cc02a\" open name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c1ce78e e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"7c1ce78e\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"7c1ce78e\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"7c1ce78e\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eef4629 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5eef4629\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5eef4629\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5eef4629\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"416a4ffa\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"416a4ffa\">What is EMC test software used for?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f21eb10 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"4f21eb10\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"4f21eb10\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"4f21eb10\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"64b52411\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"64b52411\">It is used to:<br>\u2022 control the instruments;<br>\u2022 run the test sequences;<br>\u2022 acquire the measurements;<br>\u2022 record the results;<br>\u2022 coordinate the various equipment in the bench;<br>\u2022 improve traceability.<br>Drivers make it possible to integrate equipment from different manufacturers.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4132e2ca e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"4132e2ca\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4132e2ca\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4132e2ca\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2635dd57 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"2635dd57\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2635dd57\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2635dd57\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-770af697 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"770af697\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"770af697\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"770af697\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"56d74c7e\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"56d74c7e\">Why automate EMC testing?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49886dd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"49886dd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"49886dd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"49886dd\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"23bd4528\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"23bd4528\">Automation makes it possible to:<br>\u2022 improve repeatability<br>\u2022 increase productivity<br>\u2022 reduce manual operations<br>\u2022 control test sequences<br>\u2022 ensure traceability<br>\u2022 record results automatically<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5fa517 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"b5fa517\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"b5fa517\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"b5fa517\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd76c16 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"5cd76c16\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"5cd76c16\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"5cd76c16\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-360def97 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"360def97\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"360def97\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"360def97\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3b4e3d50\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3b4e3d50\">Can a radiated immunity test be automated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30da43 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"e30da43\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"e30da43\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"e30da43\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"166cb4ca\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"166cb4ca\">Yes. The software can coordinate:<br>\u2022 generator<br>\u2022 amplifier<br>\u2022 power meter<br>\u2022 field probe<br>\u2022 switches<br>\u2022 positioners<br>\u2022 monitoring of the equipment under test<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67fc16b7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"67fc16b7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"67fc16b7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"67fc16b7\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-290482a9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"290482a9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"290482a9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"290482a9\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2c62ba e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7e2c62ba\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7e2c62ba\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7e2c62ba\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"7af3f9e0\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7af3f9e0\">Can a conducted immunity test be automated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73362cbb e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"73362cbb\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"73362cbb\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"73362cbb\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5b06b582\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5b06b582\">Yes. It can automate in particular:<br>\u2022 RF generation<br>\u2022 frequency changes<br>\u2022 modulation<br>\u2022 applied level<br>\u2022 power acquisition<br>\u2022 use of calibration data<br>\u2022 monitoring of the equipment under test<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d00e113 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"2d00e113\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2d00e113\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2d00e113\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae2125f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"4ae2125f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"4ae2125f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"4ae2125f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a96ac81 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7a96ac81\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7a96ac81\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7a96ac81\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"68593d0c\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"68593d0c\">How can a radiated emissions measurement be automated?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5727d257 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"5727d257\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5727d257\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5727d257\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"28a4a735\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"28a4a735\">The software can coordinate:<br>\u2022 EMI receiver or analyser<br>\u2022 antenna mast<br>\u2022 polarisation<br>\u2022 turntable<br>\u2022 frequency sweeps<br>\u2022 search for critical frequencies<br>\u2022 final measurements<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d3e558d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3d3e558d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3d3e558d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3d3e558d\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba31d3d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"5ba31d3d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"5ba31d3d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"5ba31d3d\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599b624b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"599b624b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"599b624b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"599b624b\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"602a7beb\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"602a7beb\">Which instruments can EMC software control?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505c9728 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"505c9728\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"505c9728\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"505c9728\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2c61a4ae\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2c61a4ae\">Depending on the drivers available:<br>\u2022 generators<br>\u2022 amplifiers<br>\u2022 EMI receivers<br>\u2022 analysers<br>\u2022 power meters<br>\u2022 sensors and probes<br>\u2022 oscilloscopes<br>\u2022 power supplies<br>\u2022 switches<br>\u2022 antenna masts<br>\u2022 turntables<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6447a0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"3a6447a0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3a6447a0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3a6447a0\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56250a15 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"56250a15\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"56250a15\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"56250a15\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-112cec98 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"112cec98\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"112cec98\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"112cec98\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"24edc8e7\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"24edc8e7\">Can equipment from different brands be controlled by the same software?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-650fb45b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"650fb45b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"650fb45b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"650fb45b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"37d266d9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"37d266d9\">Yes, and this is a key point when designing a high-performance, scalable EMC laboratory.<br>\u2022 A laboratory should not be designed around an obligation to use a single brand.<br>\u2022 Each function must be analysed independently.<br>\u2022 The general contractor or integrator selects the most suitable equipment, regardless of brand.<br>\u2022 The choice depends on performance, standards, compatibility and budget.<br>\u2022 Drivers allow the software to communicate with these different instruments.<br>\u2022 This architecture reduces dependence on a single manufacturer and makes it easier to upgrade the laboratory.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20d3ad61 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"20d3ad61\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"20d3ad61\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"20d3ad61\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-510c78f5 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"510c78f5\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"510c78f5\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"510c78f5\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb67d64 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"5fb67d64\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"5fb67d64\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"5fb67d64\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2b7e5484\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b7e5484\">Can software automate both EMC and radio tests?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c0f9174 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"4c0f9174\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"4c0f9174\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"4c0f9174\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"56a58b2e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"56a58b2e\">Depending on its functions and drivers, it can automate:<br>\u2022 EMC tests<br>\u2022 RF measurements<br>\u2022 certain radio measurements<br>\u2022 instrument control<br>\u2022 frequency sequences<br>\u2022 acquisition and processing of results<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51bae449 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  hm-faq-item \" data-id=\"51bae449\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"51bae449\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"51bae449\"  name=\"3a4e847b\">\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6467b717 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  hm-faq-header \" data-id=\"6467b717\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6467b717\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6467b717\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57ae0571 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"57ae0571\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"57ae0571\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"57ae0571\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"1aa497e7\" class=\"hm-faq-q e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1aa497e7\">What are the benefits of an automated EMC test system?<\/h3>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334cf2f8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  hm-faq-content \" data-id=\"334cf2f8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"334cf2f8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"334cf2f8\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"hm-body e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"218ef428\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"218ef428\">They include:<br>\u2022 repeatability<br>\u2022 productivity<br>\u2022 traceability<br>\u2022 fewer manual interventions<br>\u2022 automation of complex sequences<br>\u2022 multi-brand integration<br>\u2022 easier upgrading of the test bench<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-249a948f e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-default-div e-22651015-db7c \" data-id=\"249a948f\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"249a948f\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"249a948f\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b75737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"51b75737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n \"mainEntity\": [\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an EMC test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"An EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) test verifies that an electrical or electronic device:<br>\u2022 operates correctly in its electromagnetic environment<br>\u2022 does not generate excessive interference affecting other equipment<br>\u2022 complies with the emission levels set by the applicable standard<br>\u2022 maintains the expected performance when subjected to electromagnetic disturbances<br>EMC testing mainly covers conducted and radiated emissions, and conducted and radiated immunity.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between an EMC emissions test and an immunity test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 An emissions test measures the electromagnetic interference generated by the equipment.<br>\u2022 It verifies that this interference stays below the limits set by the applicable standard.<br>\u2022 An immunity test, by contrast, subjects the equipment to defined disturbances.<br>\u2022 It verifies that the equipment continues to operate in line with the expected performance criteria.<br>Emissions and immunity tests are therefore complementary.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What equipment is needed to carry out EMC testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Depending on the method and standard, an EMC laboratory may use:<br>\u2022 EMI receivers or spectrum analysers<br>\u2022 RF generators and power amplifiers<br>\u2022 antennas and field probes<br>\u2022 power meters and power sensors<br>\u2022 LISNs, CDNs, BCI clamps and current probes<br>\u2022 ESD, burst, surge or transient generators<br>\u2022 anechoic chambers, reverberation chambers, Faraday cages or GTEM cells<br>\u2022 control and automation software<br>HEMERA RF covers EMC, RF and microwave equipment over a stated range from DC to 110 GHz.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What are the main EMC test standards?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Standards depend on the sector, the product and its operating environment. They notably include:<br>\u2022 IEC\/EN 61000-4-x for many immunity tests;<br>\u2022 CISPR publications for radio disturbances and their measurement methods;<br>\u2022 CISPR 25 for automotive;<br>\u2022 ISO 11451 \/ ISO 11452, ISO 7637 and ISO 16750 for automotive;<br>\u2022 RTCA DO-160 \/ EUROCAE ED-14 for civil aviation;<br>\u2022 various MIL-STD standards for military applications.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose the equipment for an EMC test bench?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The choice should start from the technical requirement:<br>\u2022 standards and methods to be covered<br>\u2022 frequency ranges<br>\u2022 test levels<br>\u2022 characteristics of the equipment under test<br>\u2022 required power and dynamic range<br>\u2022 coupling devices and instrumentation<br>\u2022 test environment<br>\u2022 automation needs<br>The test bench must be designed as a complete system, not as a simple collection of instruments.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How can an EMC test bench be automated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Test software can control:<br>\u2022 generators<br>\u2022 amplifiers<br>\u2022 receivers and analysers<br>\u2022 power meters and sensors<br>\u2022 RF switches<br>\u2022 antenna masts and turntables<br>\u2022 other auxiliary equipment<br>Drivers allow the software to communicate with the various instruments, making it possible to build an automated multi-brand test bench.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do you set up a turnkey EMC laboratory?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"An EMC laboratory project typically includes:<br>\u2022 technical qualification of the requirement<br>\u2022 identification of the standards<br>\u2022 definition of the architecture<br>\u2022 equipment selection<br>\u2022 supply and integration<br>\u2022 automation<br>\u2022 installation and commissioning<br>\u2022 metrology and calibration management\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose an antenna for EMC testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The factors to consider include:<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>\u2022 type of test: emissions or immunity<br>\u2022 applicable standard<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 antenna factor<br>\u2022 power handling<br>\u2022 radiation pattern<br>\u2022 installation constraints<br>Depending on the application, loop, biconical, log-periodic, BiLog or horn antennas may be used, as well as antennas designed for microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the antenna factor?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The antenna factor:<br>\u2022 relates the voltage measured at the antenna output to the electric field<br>\u2022 varies with frequency<br>\u2022 is usually expressed in dB\/m<br>\u2022 is used to convert a voltage measured by a receiver into a field strength<br>It is therefore an essential characteristic for radiated emissions measurements.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Why does antenna gain matter in EMC?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Gain:<br>\u2022 describes the antenna\u2019s ability to concentrate energy<br>\u2022 affects the field strength achieved for a given power<br>\u2022 plays a direct role in sizing a radiated immunity test chain<br>It must be considered together with frequency, distance, radiation pattern, VSWR and the required field uniformity.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Does an EMC antenna need to be calibrated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"For quantitative emissions measurements, you need to know in particular:<br>\u2022 its antenna factor as a function of frequency<br>\u2022 the characterisation conditions<br>\u2022 the associated uncertainty<br>\u2022 the corresponding metrological traceability<br>Whether calibration is needed, and how often, depends on use and on the applicable requirements.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose an antenna mast or positioner?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 the weight and dimensions of the antenna<br>\u2022 the required height and travel<br>\u2022 polarisation changes<br>\u2022 positioning accuracy<br>\u2022 the level of automation required<br>\u2022 the electromagnetic influence of the structure\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose an RF amplifier for EMC testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The main criteria are:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 power available across the whole band<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 linearity<br>\u2022 compression<br>\u2022 tolerance to mismatch<br>\u2022 protection features<br>\u2022 the power actually required for the test<br>Rated power alone is therefore not enough to select the right amplifier.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How much amplifier power is needed for a radiated immunity test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It depends on:<br>\u2022 the required field strength in V\/m<br>\u2022 the test distance<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 cable and accessory losses<br>\u2022 the test environment<br>\u2022 the required margin<br>Sizing must be carried out across the entire frequency band.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How much RF power is needed to generate a 10 V\/m field?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"There is no universal power figure.<br>The power depends on:<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the electromagnetic environment<br>\u2022 the required field uniformity<br>A theoretical estimate allows preliminary sizing, but the actual configuration must be validated by calibration.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do you calculate the RF power needed to reach a given field strength?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The calculation must take into account:<br>\u2022 the required field<br>\u2022 the antenna-to-equipment distance<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 cable losses<br>\u2022 losses in couplers, switches and connectors<br>\u2022 an operating margin<br>Calibration is then used to verify the actual performance of the chain.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Why is rated power not enough to size an EMC test chain?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Because the field strength also depends on:<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 VSWR<br>\u2022 the test environment<br>\u2022 amplifier linearity<br>You therefore need to size the amplifier, RF chain, antenna and test environment as a whole.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How can RF amplifier saturation be avoided?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"In particular, you should:<br>\u2022 keep a margin from the compression point<br>\u2022 monitor output power<br>\u2022 monitor reflected power<br>\u2022 take the load VSWR into account<br>\u2022 check linearity across the operating band\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I correctly match an amplifier with an antenna?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"You should check:<br>\u2022 that the frequency bands are compatible<br>\u2022 impedance<br>\u2022 the antenna\u2019s power handling<br>\u2022 the power available from the amplifier<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 the required field strength\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I size an amplifier and antenna chain to reach a given level in V\/m?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The approach consists of determining:<br>\u2022 the required field<br>\u2022 the distance<br>\u2022 the frequency band<br>\u2022 the antenna gain<br>\u2022 RF losses<br>\u2022 the power required<br>\u2022 the operating margin<br>The final performance must then be confirmed by calibration.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Which criteria should be compared before buying an RF power amplifier?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Compare in particular:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 output power across the whole band<br>\u2022 gain<br>\u2022 linearity<br>\u2022 compression<br>\u2022 VSWR tolerance<br>\u2022 permissible reflected power<br>\u2022 protection features<br>The deciding criterion remains its ability to deliver the required performance in the actual test chain.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How is RF power measured during an EMC test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"You can use:<br>\u2022 a power meter<br>\u2022 one or more power sensors<br>\u2022 a directional coupler<br>\u2022 a means of distinguishing forward and reflected power\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an EMC anechoic chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"An anechoic chamber combines:<br>\u2022 a shielded enclosure<br>\u2022 RF absorber materials<br>\u2022 a controlled electromagnetic environment<br>It is used for a range of radiated emissions and immunity tests.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a semi-anechoic chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It typically has:<br>\u2022 absorber-lined walls<br>\u2022 an absorber-lined ceiling<br>\u2022 a conductive, reflective floor<br>This configuration reproduces certain conditions specified by standardised methods.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between an anechoic chamber and a reverberation chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Anechoic chamber:<br>\u2022 aims to reduce reflections<br>\u2022 uses RF absorbers<br>Reverberation chamber:<br>\u2022 on the contrary, exploits reflections<br>\u2022 uses a conductive enclosure<br>\u2022 uses stirrers to vary the field distribution\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a GTEM cell?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A GTEM cell:<br>\u2022 is a shielded electromagnetic structure<br>\u2022 generates a controlled field<br>\u2022 can be used for certain immunity tests<br>\u2022 can also be used for certain emissions characterisations\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between a TEM cell and a GTEM cell?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Both generate a transverse electromagnetic mode.<br>The GTEM cell notably features:<br>\u2022 a tapered geometry<br>\u2022 a matched termination<br>\u2022 a design that extends the usable range compared with a conventional TEM cell\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"GTEM cell or anechoic chamber: which should I choose?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The choice depends on:<br>\u2022 the size of the equipment<br>\u2022 the frequencies<br>\u2022 the test levels<br>\u2022 the standards to be covered<br>\u2022 the available space<br>\u2022 the configurations required<br>A GTEM cell is a compact solution, whereas a chamber generally offers more configuration options.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can immunity tests be carried out in a GTEM cell?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes, for certain methods, provided you check:<br>\u2022 the available power<br>\u2022 the usable test volume<br>\u2022 field uniformity<br>\u2022 the frequency<br>\u2022 the required level<br>\u2022 compatibility with the applicable standard\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can emissions tests be carried out in a GTEM cell?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes, for certain characterisations.<br>For a compliance measurement, however, you must check that the GTEM method is compatible with the standard and with the purpose of the test.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do you size an EMC anechoic chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The specifications must define in particular:<br>\u2022 standards and methods<br>\u2022 frequency ranges<br>\u2022 measurement distances<br>\u2022 equipment dimensions<br>\u2022 field strengths<br>\u2022 shielding performance<br>\u2022 absorber performance<br>\u2022 access, ventilation and filtered power supplies<br>\u2022 antenna masts, turntables and automation\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose RF absorbers for an anechoic chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The choice depends on:<br>\u2022 the lowest frequency<br>\u2022 the highest frequency<br>\u2022 the required reflectivity performance<br>\u2022 the chamber geometry<br>\u2022 the available space<br>Ferrite tiles, pyramidal absorbers or hybrid solutions can be combined.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What are Faraday cage filters used for?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"They make it possible to:<br>\u2022 bring certain power supplies or signal lines into the enclosure<br>\u2022 limit the propagation of interference along cables<br>\u2022 preserve shielding performance\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose an RF shielded enclosure?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>\u2022 required shielding effectiveness<br>\u2022 dimensions<br>\u2022 doors<br>\u2022 feedthroughs<br>\u2022 connectors<br>\u2022 filters<br>\u2022 ventilation\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an RF shielded enclosure?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"An RF shielded enclosure (box or rack) is a screened housing that protects electronic equipment from external electromagnetic interference. It enables reliable, repeatable radio-frequency testing in a controlled electromagnetic environment.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What shielding performance do ARACION enclosures offer?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"ARACION shielded enclosures offer shielding effectiveness of up to 120 dB.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Which applications require an RF shielded enclosure?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"RF shielded enclosures are used for 5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IoT and EMC testing, as well as for antenna characterisation, radio module validation and quality control of telecommunications equipment. They integrate into R&D laboratories and automated test benches.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can ARACION shielded enclosures and cabinets be customised?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes. ARACION shielded enclosures can be customised in size, connectivity and equipment. They can integrate RF connectors (SMA, N, BNC), filtered USB, Ethernet or HDMI interfaces, filtered AC\/DC power supplies, shielded ventilation and RF absorbers.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between an RF shielded enclosure and an anechoic chamber?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Anechoic chambers are mainly used for EMC testing and antenna measurements, particularly on large equipment. More compact, shielded enclosures are particularly well suited to testing wireless communication equipment (5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IoT), in R&D laboratories or on production test benches.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a BCI current injection clamp?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A BCI (Bulk Current Injection) clamp:<br>\u2022 is placed around the cable or harness<br>\u2022 injects an RF disturbance without direct connection to the conductors<br>\u2022 works on the principle of transformer coupling<br>\u2022 is used for certain conducted immunity tests\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a BCI test used for?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It is used to:<br>\u2022 inject a controlled RF current into a harness<br>\u2022 assess the immunity of the equipment<br>\u2022 reproduce certain electromagnetic coupling effects on the wiring<br>This method is widely used in the automotive industry.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between an injection clamp and a current probe?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 The injection clamp applies the RF disturbance.<br>\u2022 The current probe measures the RF current flowing in the harness.<br>They can therefore be used together in the same test chain.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How is a BCI injection clamp calibrated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Characterisation establishes in particular:<br>\u2022 the relationship between RF power and injected current<br>\u2022 performance as a function of frequency<br>\u2022 the clamp\u2019s characteristics in the configuration defined by the method<br>The exact procedure depends on the standard used.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a LISN?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A LISN (line impedance stabilisation network, \u201cRSIL\u201d in French) is a network that:<br>\u2022 is inserted between the power supply and the equipment<br>\u2022 presents a defined RF impedance<br>\u2022 is used to pick off conducted emissions<br>\u2022 contributes to measurement reproducibility\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a LISN used for in a conducted emissions test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It is used in particular to:<br>\u2022 present a controlled impedance to the equipment<br>\u2022 provide RF isolation from the power supply<br>\u2022 route the interference to the EMI receiver<br>\u2022 achieve reproducible measurement conditions\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose a LISN?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 the standard<br>\u2022 the type of power supply<br>\u2022 the number of lines<br>\u2022 voltage<br>\u2022 current<br>\u2022 the required impedance<br>\u2022 frequency range<br>In the automotive sector, the network must in particular meet the requirements of standards such as CISPR 25.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a coupling\/decoupling network (CDN)?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A CDN is used to:<br>\u2022 apply a controlled RF disturbance<br>\u2022 couple it onto the cable under test<br>\u2022 limit its propagation towards auxiliary equipment<br>\u2022 achieve reproducible conditions\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between a LISN and a CDN?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"LISN:<br>\u2022 mainly associated with conducted emissions measurement<br>\u2022 provides a defined impedance<br>CDN:<br>\u2022 mainly used to inject an RF disturbance<br>\u2022 provides both coupling and decoupling\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose a CDN for IEC 61000-4-6 testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The factors to consider are:<br>\u2022 cable type<br>\u2022 number of conductors<br>\u2022 currents and voltages present<br>\u2022 frequency<br>\u2022 the characteristics required by IEC\/EN 61000-4-6\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What equipment is needed for a conducted immunity test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A test chain may include:<br>\u2022 RF generator<br>\u2022 amplifier<br>\u2022 power meter and power sensors<br>\u2022 CDN or injection clamp<br>\u2022 couplers<br>\u2022 attenuators<br>\u2022 loads<br>\u2022 cables and adapters<br>\u2022 control software\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How do I choose the accessories for a conducted test chain?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Check:<br>\u2022 frequency band<br>\u2022 impedance<br>\u2022 power handling<br>\u2022 insertion loss<br>\u2022 matching<br>\u2022 compatibility with the method\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between ESD, burst and surge tests?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 ESD: electrostatic discharge.<br>\u2022 EFT\/burst: bursts of electrical fast transients.<br>\u2022 Surge: higher-energy transient overvoltages.<br>Waveforms, levels, energies and coupling modes are therefore different.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an ESD generator?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It is used to:<br>\u2022 produce standardised electrostatic discharges<br>\u2022 apply contact or air discharges<br>\u2022 assess the immunity of the equipment<br>IEC\/EN 61000-4-2 is a key standard.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How is an ESD test carried out to IEC 61000-4-2?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The following must be defined in particular:<br>\u2022 voltage levels<br>\u2022 polarity<br>\u2022 points of application<br>\u2022 contact or air discharge<br>\u2022 number of discharges<br>\u2022 performance criteria for the equipment\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between contact and air ESD discharges?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 Contact: the tip is placed on the equipment before the discharge is triggered.<br>\u2022 Air: the charged tip is moved towards the equipment until a spark occurs.<br>\u2022 The contact method generally offers better repeatability.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an EFT\/burst test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It reproduces:<br>\u2022 electrical fast transients<br>\u2022 grouped into bursts of pulses<br>\u2022 which typically occur during switching events<br>The method is defined in IEC\/EN 61000-4-4.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a surge test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It reproduces:<br>\u2022 transient overvoltages<br>\u2022 with higher energy than a burst<br>\u2022 applied using defined coupling configurations<br>IEC\/EN 61000-4-5 is a key standard.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Which generator should I choose for IEC 61000-4 testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"You need to determine which phenomena must be covered:<br>\u2022 ESD<br>\u2022 burst<br>\u2022 surge<br>\u2022 voltage dips and interruptions<br>\u2022 magnetic fields<br>\u2022 other tests in the IEC\/EN 61000-4 series\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What equipment is needed to carry out ISO 7637-2 testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Depending on the test:<br>\u2022 transient generator<br>\u2022 power supply<br>\u2022 networks and loads<br>\u2022 coupling devices<br>\u2022 oscilloscope and probes<br>\u2022 accessories specified by the method\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between ISO 7637-2 and ISO 11452?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 ISO 7637-2: conducted electrical transients in the automotive environment.<br>\u2022 ISO 11452: immunity of automotive components to electromagnetic disturbances, using various methods.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can a single generator cover several IEC 61000-4 standards?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes, some multifunction systems can cover several phenomena.<br>However, you should check:<br>\u2022 which functions are actually built in<br>\u2022 the coupling networks required<br>\u2022 the available levels<br>\u2022 the compliance of each function with the relevant method\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an RF power sensor?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A power sensor is characterised in particular by:<br>\u2022 its frequency band<br>\u2022 its dynamic range<br>\u2022 its maximum power<br>\u2022 its accuracy<br>\u2022 its linearity<br>\u2022 the types of signal it can measure\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between CW and pulse measurement?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 CW: measurement of a continuous or quasi-continuous signal.<br>\u2022 Pulse: measurement of a pulsed signal.<br>For pulsed signals, you may need to characterise:<br>\u2022 peak power<br>\u2022 pulse width<br>\u2022 duty cycle<br>\u2022 time-domain behaviour\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Why is the linearity of an RF power sensor important?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Good linearity makes it possible to:<br>\u2022 maintain reliable measurements as the power level varies<br>\u2022 reduce errors across the dynamic range used<br>\u2022 better control the power actually applied\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is an isotropic E-field probe?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"An isotropic probe:<br>\u2022 measures the electric field along several axes<br>\u2022 gives a reading that is largely independent of its orientation<br>\u2022 can be used for field calibration<br>\u2022 is used in particular in radiated immunity testing\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is the difference between RF power measurement and field measurement?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"\u2022 RF power describes the energy flowing in a transmission line.<br>\u2022 The electric field describes the electromagnetic environment in space and can be expressed in V\/m.<br>The two measurements are complementary.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Why use several sensors in a test chain?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Because a single sensor may not cover:<br>\u2022 the whole frequency band<br>\u2022 the whole dynamic range<br>\u2022 all power levels<br>\u2022 all signal types\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How often should a field probe be calibrated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The calibration interval depends on:<br>\u2022 use<br>\u2022 the manufacturer\u2019s recommendations<br>\u2022 the stresses the probe is subjected to<br>\u2022 the quality system<br>\u2022 its stability history\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How often should an RF power meter be calibrated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The following should also be considered:<br>\u2022 frequency of use<br>\u2022 criticality of the measurements<br>\u2022 environmental conditions<br>\u2022 recommendations<br>\u2022 metrological history\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a HEMP test?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A HEMP test assesses how an item of equipment or a system behaves when exposed to:<br>\u2022 pulsed electromagnetic disturbances<br>\u2022 fast rise times<br>\u2022 high levels<br>\u2022 phenomena corresponding to the HEMP environment under consideration<br>The methods and levels depend on the applicable standard.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"A HEMP (high-altitude electromagnetic pulse):<br>\u2022 is associated with a nuclear event at high altitude<br>\u2022 can produce an electromagnetic disturbance over a very wide area<br>\u2022 can couple onto structures and cables<br>\u2022 can disrupt electrical and electronic systems\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What equipment is needed to carry out HEMP testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Depending on the method:<br>\u2022 pulse generators<br>\u2022 high-voltage or high-current generators<br>\u2022 coupling devices<br>\u2022 injection networks<br>\u2022 high-voltage probes<br>\u2022 current probes<br>\u2022 high-speed acquisition systems<br>\u2022 suitable accessories and protection\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Which standards govern HEMP testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The applicable standard depends on the programme.<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-188<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-464<br>\u2022 MIL-STD-461<br>\u2022 CS106<br>\u2022 CS114<br>\u2022 CS115<br>\u2022 CS116\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What is EMC test software used for?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"It is used to:<br>\u2022 control the instruments;<br>\u2022 run the test sequences;<br>\u2022 acquire the measurements;<br>\u2022 record the results;<br>\u2022 coordinate the various equipment in the bench;<br>\u2022 improve traceability.<br>Drivers make it possible to integrate equipment from different manufacturers.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Why automate EMC testing?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Automation makes it possible to:<br>\u2022 improve repeatability<br>\u2022 increase productivity<br>\u2022 reduce manual operations<br>\u2022 control test sequences<br>\u2022 ensure traceability<br>\u2022 record results automatically\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can a radiated immunity test be automated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes. The software can coordinate:<br>\u2022 generator<br>\u2022 amplifier<br>\u2022 power meter<br>\u2022 field probe<br>\u2022 switches<br>\u2022 positioners<br>\u2022 monitoring of the equipment under test\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can a conducted immunity test be automated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes. It can automate in particular:<br>\u2022 RF generation<br>\u2022 frequency changes<br>\u2022 modulation<br>\u2022 applied level<br>\u2022 power acquisition<br>\u2022 use of calibration data<br>\u2022 monitoring of the equipment under test\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"How can a radiated emissions measurement be automated?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"The software can coordinate:<br>\u2022 EMI receiver or analyser<br>\u2022 antenna mast<br>\u2022 polarisation<br>\u2022 turntable<br>\u2022 frequency sweeps<br>\u2022 search for critical frequencies<br>\u2022 final measurements\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Which instruments can EMC software control?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Depending on the drivers available:<br>\u2022 generators<br>\u2022 amplifiers<br>\u2022 EMI receivers<br>\u2022 analysers<br>\u2022 power meters<br>\u2022 sensors and probes<br>\u2022 oscilloscopes<br>\u2022 power supplies<br>\u2022 switches<br>\u2022 antenna masts<br>\u2022 turntables\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can equipment from different brands be controlled by the same software?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Yes, and this is a key point when designing a high-performance, scalable EMC laboratory.<br>\u2022 A laboratory should not be designed around an obligation to use a single brand.<br>\u2022 Each function must be analysed independently.<br>\u2022 The general contractor or integrator selects the most suitable equipment, regardless of brand.<br>\u2022 The choice depends on performance, standards, compatibility and budget.<br>\u2022 Drivers allow the software to communicate with these different instruments.<br>\u2022 This architecture reduces dependence on a single manufacturer and makes it easier to upgrade the laboratory.\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"Can software automate both EMC and radio tests?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"Depending on its functions and drivers, it can automate:<br>\u2022 EMC tests<br>\u2022 RF measurements<br>\u2022 certain radio measurements<br>\u2022 instrument control<br>\u2022 frequency sequences<br>\u2022 acquisition and processing of results\"\n   }\n  },\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"Question\",\n   \"name\": \"What are the benefits of an automated EMC test system?\",\n   \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n    \"text\": \"They include:<br>\u2022 repeatability<br>\u2022 productivity<br>\u2022 traceability<br>\u2022 fewer manual interventions<br>\u2022 automation of complex sequences<br>\u2022 multi-brand integration<br>\u2022 easier upgrading of the test bench\"\n   }\n  }\n ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of contents Preparing an EMC test, sizing a test bench or choosing equipment? This FAQ helps you make the right technical decisions. It answers the questions we are most often asked by laboratories, manufacturers and design offices: how to choose an antenna or an amplifier, when to opt for a GTEM cell rather than [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":11703,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12141","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>FAQ - Hemera RF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hemera-rf.com\/en\/faq\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FAQ - Hemera RF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Table of contents Preparing an EMC test, sizing a test bench or choosing equipment? 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This FAQ helps you make the right technical decisions. 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